Stainless Steel S31060 Forged Annealed
Heat-treated state
UNS S31060
Heavy sections such as flanges and fittings, annealed after forging to dissolve carbides/sigma.
Values for the Forged Annealed condition
Other S31060 tempers and conditions
S31060 is listed in 4 conditions; see the grade overview at S31060.
- Forged Annealed
- Annealed
- Cold Drawn Annealed
- Cold Worked
Compare all 4 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forged AnnealedThis page Forged + solution annealed (fittings, flanges, valve bodies) | Heavy sections such as flanges and fittings, annealed after forging to dissolve carbides/sigma. | 305 | 600 | 42 | 165 HB | 1.9 % IACS |
AnnealedDefault solution annealed (≈1100–1180 °C, rapid quench) | Standard stocked condition for all product forms; maximum corrosion resistance and ductility. | 320 | 620 | 45 | 170 HB | 1.9 % IACS |
Cold drawn + solution annealed tube/bar (CDA) | Seamless tubing and bar with tight tolerance and smooth bore, annealed after drawing for corrosion service. | 330 | 630 | 42 | 175 HB | 1.9 % IACS |
Cold worked (as-drawn / temper rolled, not re-annealed) | Chosen when higher strength and hardness are required and elevated-temperature or severe corrosion service is not involved. | 600 | 800 | 20 | 23 HRC | 1.9 % IACS |
What is S31060 Forged Annealed?
S31060 Forged Annealed is S31060 heat treated to Forged Annealed — heavy sections such as flanges and fittings, annealed after forging to dissolve carbides/sigma. S31060 Forged Annealed has a yield strength of 305 MPa (44.2 ksi) and a tensile strength of 600 MPa (87 ksi) — weaker than 66% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 42% and the elastic modulus is 195 GPa (28.3 Msi). S31060 Forged Annealed has a density of 7.98 g/cm³ (0.288 lb/in³), heavier than 85% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,370°C (2,498 °F). Annealed is the default condition FabDigit quotes; Forged Annealed is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- High service temperature — 1,050°C (1,922 °F), better than 91% of stainless steel grades
- Tough — resists crack growth — 190 MPa·√m (172.9 ksi·√in), better than 77% of stainless steel grades
Limitations
- Poor heat conductor — 11.5 W/m·K (6.64 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 97% of stainless steel grades
- Low electrical conductivity — 1.9 % IACS, worse than 84% of stainless steel grades
S31060 Forged Annealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for S31060 Forged Annealed; 22 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are S31060 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among stainless steel grades.
Physical3
S31060 Forged Annealed has a density of 7.98 g/cm³ (0.288 lb/in³), heavier than 85% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,370°C (2,498 °F).
Mechanical16
S31060 Forged Annealed has a yield strength of 305 MPa (44.2 ksi) and a tensile strength of 600 MPa (87 ksi) — weaker than 66% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 42% and the elastic modulus is 195 GPa (28.3 Msi).
Thermal6
S31060 Forged Annealed is rated for continuous service to 1,050°C (1,922 °F). It conducts heat at 11.5 W/m·K (6.64 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 97% of stainless steel grades. Thermal expansion is 15 µm/m·K (8.33 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
S31060 Forged Annealed conducts electricity at 1.9 % IACS, worse than 84% of stainless steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is very good (72/100), better than 73% of stainless steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of S31060 Forged Annealed takes about 60 MJ of energy and emits 4.5 kg of CO₂ — more than 70% of stainless steel grades. Typical recycled content is 55%.
Manufacturability7
S31060 Forged Annealed's machinability is poor (28/100, worse than 79% of stainless steel grades); weldability very good (72/100); formability good (60/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with S31060 Forged Annealed
Is S31060 easy to machine?
Machines like 310S/904L: rigid setup, positive rake carbide, heavy constant feed to cut under the work-hardened layer, 30–60 m/min with flood coolant, avoid dwelling.
Can S31060 be welded?
Readily welded by GTAW/GMAW/SMAW with matching 25-22-2 or overalloyed Ni-base filler; keep interpass below ~150 °C and heat input low to limit sigma-phase and hot cracking; no preheat, PWHT normally not required.
Can S31060 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold forms well but work-hardens rapidly — allow 40–60 % more power and springback than 304 and interstage anneal for severe draws; hot work 1150–1250 °C then solution anneal and quench.
What surface finishes work on S31060?
Pickle and passivate after hot work or welding to restore the passive film; electropolish or mechanical polish for clean-surface duty. Not anodizable.
S31060 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Chigher-carbon 310-type variant for elevated-temperature strength; verify against the governing product standard | ≤ 0.1 | 0.06 |
| Si | ≤ 0.75 | 0.4 |
| Mn | ≤ 2 | 1 |
| P | ≤ 0.03 | — |
| S | ≤ 0.02 | — |
| Cr | 24 – 26 | 25 |
| Ni | 20.5 – 23.5 | 22 |
| Mothe distinguishing addition vs. 310S/S31008 | 1.6 – 2.6 | 2.1 |
| Naustenite stabilizer, raises strength and pitting resistance | 0.09 – 0.16 | 0.12 |
| Fe | balance | — |
S31060 Forged Annealed — frequently asked
What is S31060 Forged Annealed used for?
S31060 Forged Annealed is typically used for high-temperature process equipment, furnace components in sulfidizing atmospheres, radiant tubes and burner hardware, furnace retorts and muffles, heat-treatment fixtures and trays and refinery reactor internals in sulfur-bearing gas. In short: mo-modified 310-type stainless; 1050 °C service limit; sulfidizing-atmosphere grade.
What is the yield strength of S31060 Forged Annealed?
S31060 Forged Annealed has a typical yield strength of 305 MPa (44.2 ksi) and a tensile strength of 600 MPa (87 ksi) — weaker than 66% of stainless steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 4 listed tempers.
Is S31060 Forged Annealed easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (28/100, worse than 79% of stainless steel grades). Machines like 310S/904L: rigid setup, positive rake carbide, heavy constant feed to cut under the work-hardened layer, 30–60 m/min with flood coolant, avoid dwelling.
Can S31060 Forged Annealed be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated very good (72/100). Readily welded by GTAW/GMAW/SMAW with matching 25-22-2 or overalloyed Ni-base filler; keep interpass below ~150 °C and heat input low to limit sigma-phase and hot cracking; no preheat, PWHT normally not required.
What surface finishes work on S31060 Forged Annealed?
Pickle and passivate after hot work or welding to restore the passive film; electropolish or mechanical polish for clean-surface duty. Not anodizable.
Can S31060 Forged Annealed be formed, bent or molded?
Cold forms well but work-hardens rapidly — allow 40–60 % more power and springback than 304 and interstage anneal for severe draws; hot work 1150–1250 °C then solution anneal and quench.
What is the maximum service temperature of S31060 Forged Annealed?
S31060 Forged Annealed is rated for continuous use to about 1,050°C (1,922 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Sources
- ASTM A240/A240M — Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip — ASTM International (2023)
- ASTM A312/A312M — Seamless, Welded and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes — ASTM International (2022)
- ASTM A213/A213M — Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater and Heat-Exchanger Tubes — ASTM International (2022)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- 25Cr-22Ni-2Mo (310MoLN-type) austenitic stainless datasheets — Sandvik / Outokumpu / Nippon Steel (2022)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.