Copper Alloy C94400
UNS C94400
C94400 is a general-purpose leaded tin bronze in the cast bronze family (C90000–C95999), balancing tin for strength and wear resistance with lead for machinability and bearing behaviour.
Reference datasheet — C94400 is not in the instant-quote catalog. Upload your part and an engineer will quote it in this grade or suggest the closest stocked equivalent.
Values for the M01 condition
C94400 tempers and conditions
C94400 is supplied in 3 conditions, soft to hard. M01 is the default FabDigit quotes; the values on this page are for it.
Compare all 3 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01Default As sand cast | Standard stocked form for bushings, bearing blanks, valve and pump parts of arbitrary shape. | 110 | 221 | 18 | 55 HB | 12 % IACS |
As plaster cast | Choose for large-diameter sleeves and bushings needing dense, porosity-free walls. | 117 | 234 | 20 | 60 HB | 12 % IACS |
As continuous cast | Best choice for machined bar/tube bearing stock: finest structure, highest strength and hardness of the cast forms. | 124 | 241 | 15 | 65 HB | 12 % IACS |
What is C94400?
C94400 is a general-purpose leaded tin bronze in the cast bronze family (C90000–C95999), balancing tin for strength and wear resistance with lead for machinability and bearing behaviour. It is chosen for medium-duty bearings, bushings and pressure-containing fittings, and is poured by sand, permanent-mould, centrifugal and continuous casting. Default-condition values are 110 MPa yield, 221 MPa tensile, 18% elongation, 55 HB and 12% IACS electrical conductivity. Lead prevents fusion welding, so joints must be soldered or mechanical; C94700 is the alternative where higher strength and an unleaded composition are required. C94400 has a density of 8.93 g/cm³ (0.323 lb/in³), heavier than 82% of copper alloy grades. It melts at 762°C (1,404 °F). C94400 has a yield strength of 110 MPa (16 ksi) and a tensile strength of 221 MPa (32.1 ksi) — weaker than 82% of copper alloy grades. Elongation at break is 18% and the elastic modulus is 76 GPa (11 Msi).
What is C94400 used for?
- Bearings
- Bushings
- Valve bodies
- Pump parts
Advantages
- Easy to machine — 82/100, better than 90% of copper alloy grades
Limitations
- Low stiffness — 76 GPa (11 Msi), worse than 98% of copper alloy grades
- Hard to polish — 55/100, worse than 97% of copper alloy grades
- Difficult to weld — 12/100, worse than 96% of copper alloy grades
- Limited formability — 8/100, worse than 94% of copper alloy grades
- Low strength — 110 MPa (16 ksi), worse than 82% of copper alloy grades
C94400 properties
Typical room-temperature values for C94400-M01; bars are the position among copper alloy grades.
Physical3
C94400 has a density of 8.93 g/cm³ (0.323 lb/in³), heavier than 82% of copper alloy grades. It melts at 762°C (1,404 °F).
Mechanical12
C94400 has a yield strength of 110 MPa (16 ksi) and a tensile strength of 221 MPa (32.1 ksi) — weaker than 82% of copper alloy grades. Elongation at break is 18% and the elastic modulus is 76 GPa (11 Msi).
Thermal5
C94400 is rated for continuous service to 230°C (446 °F). It conducts heat at 47 W/m·K (27.2 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 69% of copper alloy grades. Thermal expansion is 18.5 µm/m·K (10.3 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
C94400 conducts electricity at 12 % IACS, worse than 62% of copper alloy grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is good (55/100), worse than 86% of copper alloy grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of C94400 takes about 55 MJ of energy and emits 3.7 kg of CO₂ — less than 72% of copper alloy grades. Typical recycled content is 85%.
Manufacturability8
C94400's machinability is very good (82/100, better than 90% of copper alloy grades); weldability not recommended (12/100); formability not recommended (8/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Strength versus weight in the copper alloy family
Yield strength against density for every copper alloy grade FabDigit runs. C94400 is highlighted; hover a dot for its name, or open the interactive family chart.
Working with C94400
Is C94400 easy to machine?
Very free machining (≈80% of free-cutting brass) — use sharp positive-rake tools, high speed, light feed; lead gives short chips and excellent surface finish.
Can C94400 be welded?
Fusion welding not recommended because of the high lead content (hot cracking, porosity); repair by soft soldering or mechanical joining.
Can C94400 be formed, bent or molded?
Casting alloy only — sand, centrifugal, permanent-mold and continuous casting; wide freezing range needs good feeding to avoid interdendritic shrinkage; no cold forming.
C94400 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| CuCu + named elements ≥ 99.3% | 78 – 82 | 81 |
| Sn | 7 – 9 | 8 |
| Pbfree lead phase gives bearing/machining performance | 9 – 11 | 11 |
| Zn | ≤ 0.8 | |
| Niincluding Co | ≤ 1 | |
| Fe | ≤ 0.15 | |
| Sb | ≤ 0.8 | |
| S | ≤ 0.08 | |
| P | ≤ 1.5 | |
| Al | ≤ 0.01 | |
| Si | ≤ 0.01 |
What surface finishes work on C94400?
Machined or ground finishes are normal; can be tin- or nickel-plated for cosmetics or barrier duty, but polishing is limited by lead smearing; not anodizable.
Surface treatments FabDigit runs on copper alloy parts — pick them in the quote configurator or call them out on the drawing. Each links to its datasheet in the surface-finish library (thickness, specs, call-out, material verdicts).
How much does C94400 cost?
C94400 is a high-cost copper alloy ($$$$), pricier than about 78% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
C94400 — frequently asked
What is C94400 used for?
C94400 is typically used for bearings, bushings, valve bodies and pump parts. In short: balanced strength and machinability; general-purpose bearing bronze; highest elongation of the leaded grades.
What is the yield strength of C94400?
C94400 has a typical yield strength of 110 MPa (16 ksi) and a tensile strength of 221 MPa (32.1 ksi) — weaker than 82% of copper alloy grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 3 listed tempers.
Is C94400 easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (82/100, better than 90% of copper alloy grades). Very free machining (≈80% of free-cutting brass) — use sharp positive-rake tools, high speed, light feed; lead gives short chips and excellent surface finish.
Can C94400 be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated not recommended (12/100). Fusion welding not recommended because of the high lead content (hot cracking, porosity); repair by soft soldering or mechanical joining.
What surface finishes work on C94400?
Machined or ground finishes are normal; can be tin- or nickel-plated for cosmetics or barrier duty, but polishing is limited by lead smearing; not anodizable.
Can C94400 be formed, bent or molded?
Casting alloy only — sand, centrifugal, permanent-mold and continuous casting; wide freezing range needs good feeding to avoid interdendritic shrinkage; no cold forming.
What is the maximum service temperature of C94400?
C94400 is rated for continuous use to about 230°C (446 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between C94400-M01 and C94400-M07?
M01 is the default condition — standard stocked form for bushings, bearing blanks, valve and pump parts of arbitrary shape. M07: best choice for machined bar/tube bearing stock: finest structure, highest strength and hardness of the cast forms. Yield strength is 110 MPa in M01 versus 124 MPa in M07.
How much does C94400 cost?
C94400 is a high-cost copper alloy ($$$$), pricier than about 78% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
Sources
- ASTM B584 — Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General Applications — ASTM International (2022)
- ASTM B505/B505M — Copper Alloy Continuous Castings — ASTM International (2018)
- ASTM B271 — Copper-Base Alloy Centrifugal Castings — ASTM International (2020)
- CDA Alloy Datasheet C94400 (High-Leaded Tin Bronze) — Copper Development Association (2023)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- GB/T 1176 (ZCuPb10Sn10 ) (2013)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison; hardness values on non-Brinell scales are converted approximately for charting only. Manufacturability limits are FabDigit quote-engine defaults and may be relaxed by engineering review. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.