Stainless Steel 441 · temper · default condition
Stainless Steel 441 Annealed
Properties of the Annealed condition, compared with the other 441 tempers.
Standard supply condition for all forming, welding and exhaust-system fabrication.
What is 441 Annealed?
441 Annealed is 441 in the Annealed temper — standard supply condition for all forming, welding and exhaust-system fabrication. 441 Annealed has a yield strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) and a tensile strength of 480 MPa (69.6 ksi) — weaker than 59% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 32% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi). 441 Annealed has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F).
Advantages
- Low embodied carbon — 3.2 kg CO₂/kg, better than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 25 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 93% of stainless steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 2.9 % IACS, better than 87% of stainless steel grades
- Forms and bends easily — 75/100, better than 87% of stainless steel grades
- High service temperature — 950°C (1,742 °F), better than 86% of stainless steel grades
441 Annealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for 441 Annealed — 8 properties are specific to this condition; the rest are grade-level values shared by every 441 temper. Each bar shows where the value sits among the stainless steel grades in FabDigit's library — further right is higher.
Physical3
441 Annealed has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F).
Mechanical13
441 Annealed has a yield strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) and a tensile strength of 480 MPa (69.6 ksi) — weaker than 59% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 32% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
441 Annealed is rated for continuous service to 950°C (1,742 °F). It conducts heat at 25 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 93% of stainless steel grades. Thermal expansion is 10.4 µm/m·K (5.78 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
441 Annealed conducts electricity at 2.9 % IACS, better than 87% of stainless steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is good (56/100), worse than 67% of stainless steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 441 Annealed takes about 40 MJ of energy and emits 3.2 kg of CO₂ — less than 97% of stainless steel grades. Typical recycled content is 60%.
Manufacturability7
441 Annealed's machinability is fair (45/100, better than 84% of stainless steel grades); weldability excellent (85/100); formability very good (75/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Other 441 tempers and conditions
441 is also supplied in 5 other conditions. The full side-by-side table is on the 441 overview.
- AnnealedDefaultStandard supply condition for all forming, welding and exhaust-system fabrication.320 MPa yield · 160 HB
Working with 441 Annealed
Is 441 easy to machine?
Machines like 430 — use sharp positive-rake carbide, rigid setups, generous coolant and moderate speeds to avoid built-up edge and work-hardened skin.
Can 441 be welded?
Excellent: Ti+Nb stabilization prevents chromium-carbide sensitization, so no post-weld anneal is needed; use 409Nb/430Nb or 316L filler, low heat input and back-purging to limit grain growth.
Can 441 be formed, bent or molded?
Good deep drawing and roll forming thanks to high r-value and low springback compared with austenitics; avoid tight bends on hot-rolled thick gauges due to limited notch toughness.
What surface finishes work on 441?
Pickle/passivate after welding, then brush, electropolish or PVD-coat; do not anodize — chloride-bearing cleaners will pit the surface.
441 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Clow carbon, stabilized | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Mn | ≤ 1 | 0.4 |
| Si | ≤ 1 | 0.5 |
| P | ≤ 0.04 | 0.03 |
| SEN 1.4509 limits S ≤ 0.015 | ≤ 0.03 | 0 |
| Cr | 17.5 – 18.5 | 18 |
| Niresidual | ≤ 1 | 0.2 |
| Tistabilizer | 0.1 – 0.6 | 0.2 |
| NbNb ≥ 3×C + 0.30 | 0.3 – 1 | 0.45 |
| N | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Fe | balance | — |
441 Annealed — frequently asked
What is 441 Annealed used for?
441 Annealed is typically used for automotive exhaust manifolds, exhaust downpipes and muffler shells, catalytic converter housings, steam outlets, EGR and hot-gas ducting and flue and heater components. In short: niobium-stabilized exhaust stainless.
What is the yield strength of 441 Annealed?
441 Annealed has a typical yield strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) and a tensile strength of 480 MPa (69.6 ksi) — weaker than 59% of stainless steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is 441 Annealed easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated fair (45/100, better than 84% of stainless steel grades). Machines like 430 — use sharp positive-rake carbide, rigid setups, generous coolant and moderate speeds to avoid built-up edge and work-hardened skin.
Can 441 Annealed be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (85/100). Excellent: Ti+Nb stabilization prevents chromium-carbide sensitization, so no post-weld anneal is needed; use 409Nb/430Nb or 316L filler, low heat input and back-purging to limit grain growth.
What surface finishes work on 441 Annealed?
Pickle/passivate after welding, then brush, electropolish or PVD-coat; do not anodize — chloride-bearing cleaners will pit the surface.
Can 441 Annealed be formed, bent or molded?
Good deep drawing and roll forming thanks to high r-value and low springback compared with austenitics; avoid tight bends on hot-rolled thick gauges due to limited notch toughness.
What is the maximum service temperature of 441 Annealed?
441 Annealed is rated for continuous use to about 950°C (1,742 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between 441 Annealed and 441 1D?
Annealed is the default condition — standard supply condition for all forming, welding and exhaust-system fabrication. 1D: heavier-gauge hot band for manifolds and plate parts; coarser grain, lower ductility. Yield strength is 320 MPa in Annealed versus 300 MPa in 1D.
Can FabDigit make parts in 441 Annealed?
Yes — 441 Annealed is available for CNC machining and sheet metal with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM A240/A240M — Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip (S44100) — ASTM International (2023)
- EN 10088-2 — Stainless steels, Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate (1.4509) — CEN (2014)
- EN 10088-1 — Stainless steels, Part 1: List of stainless steels (physical properties) — CEN (2014)
- Outokumpu Ultra 4509 / ferritic stainless data sheet — Outokumpu (2022)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- GB/T 3280 — (022Cr18NbTi) — SAC (2015)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.