Stainless Steel 441
AISI/SAE 441 · UNS S44100, S43932 · EN 1.4509, X2CrTiNb18 · JIS SUS441
441 (S43932, 1.4509, X2CrTiNb18) is an 18% Cr ferritic stainless dual-stabilized with titanium and niobium, supplied as annealed sheet and coil in 2B, 2D, BA, 1D and No.4 finishes.
Values for the Annealed condition
441 tempers and conditions
441 is supplied in one standard condition, Annealed. Annealed is the default FabDigit quotes; the values on this page are for it.
Supply forms, finishes and certifications
Ways 441 is supplied — form, process route, surface or paperwork — without a datasheet of their own. The property values above apply.
| Option | What it is | Type |
|---|---|---|
1D | Hot rolled, annealed, pickled plate/coil | Surface finish |
2B | Cold rolled, annealed, pickled, skin-passed | Surface finish |
2D | Cold rolled, annealed, pickled | Surface finish |
BA | BA | Surface finish |
No.4 | Polished / brushed annealed sheet | Surface finish |
What is 441?
441 (S43932, 1.4509, X2CrTiNb18) is an 18% Cr ferritic stainless dual-stabilized with titanium and niobium, supplied as annealed sheet and coil in 2B, 2D, BA, 1D and No.4 finishes. It is specified for welded exhaust hot ends because the stabilization blocks chromium-carbide sensitization and oxidation resistance extends to 950 °C. As a ferritic grade it gives 320 MPa yield, 480 MPa tensile and 32% elongation with less chloride pitting resistance than 316L. Use 439 for milder duty, or 444 where pitting resistance governs. 441 has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F). 441 has a yield strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) and a tensile strength of 480 MPa (69.6 ksi) — weaker than 60% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 32% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
What is 441 used for?
- Automotive exhaust manifolds
- Exhaust downpipes and muffler shells
- Catalytic converter housings
- Steam outlets
- EGR and hot-gas ducting
- Flue and heater components
- Appliance and burner panels
Advantages
- Low embodied carbon — 3.2 kg CO₂/kg, better than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 25 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 93% of stainless steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 2.9 % IACS, better than 87% of stainless steel grades
- Readily welded — 85/100, better than 87% of stainless steel grades
- Forms and bends easily — 75/100, better than 87% of stainless steel grades
441 properties
Typical room-temperature values for 441-Annealed; bars are the position among stainless steel grades.
Physical3
441 has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F).
Mechanical13
441 has a yield strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) and a tensile strength of 480 MPa (69.6 ksi) — weaker than 60% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 32% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
441 is rated for continuous service to 950°C (1,742 °F). It conducts heat at 25 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 93% of stainless steel grades. Thermal expansion is 10.4 µm/m·K (5.78 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
441 conducts electricity at 2.9 % IACS, better than 87% of stainless steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is good (56/100), worse than 66% of stainless steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 441 takes about 40 MJ of energy and emits 3.2 kg of CO₂ — less than 97% of stainless steel grades. Typical recycled content is 60%.
Manufacturability7
441's machinability is fair (45/100, better than 84% of stainless steel grades); weldability excellent (85/100); formability very good (75/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Strength versus weight in the stainless steel family
Yield strength against density for every stainless steel grade FabDigit runs. 441 is highlighted; hover a dot for its name, or open the interactive family chart.
Working with 441
Is 441 easy to machine?
Machines like 430 — use sharp positive-rake carbide, rigid setups, generous coolant and moderate speeds to avoid built-up edge and work-hardened skin.
Can 441 be welded?
Excellent: Ti+Nb stabilization prevents chromium-carbide sensitization, so no post-weld anneal is needed; use 409Nb/430Nb or 316L filler, low heat input and back-purging to limit grain growth.
Can 441 be formed, bent or molded?
Good deep drawing and roll forming thanks to high r-value and low springback compared with austenitics; avoid tight bends on hot-rolled thick gauges due to limited notch toughness.
Manufacturability
The process limits FabDigit applies to 441. Every 441 part is priced by an engineer; design inside these and the quote comes back without a redesign loop.
CNC machining
| Machinability | Better45 / 100 |
|---|---|
| ISO material group | M.1 |
| Cutting speed (rough / finish) | 150 / 180 m/min |
| Minimum wall | 0.8 mm |
| Minimum internal radius | 1.5 mm |
| Drill depth limit | 4× diameter |
| Best surface (machined / polished) | Ra 1.6 / — |
| Hardenable after machining | No |
Sheet metal
| Formability | Better75 / 100 |
|---|---|
| Weldability | Fair85 / 100 |
| Bendable | Yes |
441 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Clow carbon, stabilized | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Mn | ≤ 1 | 0.4 |
| Si | ≤ 1 | 0.5 |
| P | ≤ 0.04 | 0.03 |
| SEN 1.4509 limits S ≤ 0.015 | ≤ 0.03 | 0 |
| Cr | 17.5 – 18.5 | 18 |
| Niresidual | ≤ 1 | 0.2 |
| Tistabilizer | 0.1 – 0.6 | 0.2 |
| NbNb ≥ 3×C + 0.30 | 0.3 – 1 | 0.45 |
| N | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Fe | balance |
What surface finishes work on 441?
Pickle/passivate after welding, then brush, electropolish or PVD-coat; do not anodize — chloride-bearing cleaners will pit the surface.
Surface treatments FabDigit runs on stainless steel parts — pick them in the quote configurator or call them out on the drawing. Each links to its datasheet in the surface-finish library (thickness, specs, call-out, material verdicts).
Plating
Organic Coating
CVD Coating
Black / Phosphate
Thermal Spray
Equivalent designations
Standards and trade names that resolve to Stainless Steel 441 in FabDigit's catalog. Equivalence is nominal — check the exact specification when certification matters.
- UNS
- S44100S43932
- EN / DIN / Werkstoff-Nr.
- 1.4509X2CrTiNb18
- JIS
- SUS441
How much does 441 cost?
441 is a premium-cost stainless steel ($$$), pricier than about 58% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
441 — frequently asked
What is 441 used for?
441 is typically used for automotive exhaust manifolds, exhaust downpipes and muffler shells, catalytic converter housings, steam outlets, EGR and hot-gas ducting and flue and heater components. In short: niobium-stabilized exhaust stainless.
What is the yield strength of 441?
441 has a typical yield strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) and a tensile strength of 480 MPa (69.6 ksi) — weaker than 60% of stainless steel grades.
Is 441 easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated fair (45/100, better than 84% of stainless steel grades). Machines like 430 — use sharp positive-rake carbide, rigid setups, generous coolant and moderate speeds to avoid built-up edge and work-hardened skin.
Can 441 be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (85/100). Excellent: Ti+Nb stabilization prevents chromium-carbide sensitization, so no post-weld anneal is needed; use 409Nb/430Nb or 316L filler, low heat input and back-purging to limit grain growth.
What surface finishes work on 441?
Pickle/passivate after welding, then brush, electropolish or PVD-coat; do not anodize — chloride-bearing cleaners will pit the surface.
Can 441 be formed, bent or molded?
Good deep drawing and roll forming thanks to high r-value and low springback compared with austenitics; avoid tight bends on hot-rolled thick gauges due to limited notch toughness.
What is the maximum service temperature of 441?
441 is rated for continuous use to about 950°C (1,742 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
How much does 441 cost?
441 is a premium-cost stainless steel ($$$), pricier than about 58% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
Can FabDigit make parts in 441?
Yes — 441 is available for CNC machining and sheet metal; every part is priced by an engineer rather than instantly. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM A240/A240M — Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip (S44100) — ASTM International (2023)
- EN 10088-2 — Stainless steels, Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate (1.4509) — CEN (2014)
- EN 10088-1 — Stainless steels, Part 1: List of stainless steels (physical properties) — CEN (2014)
- Outokumpu Ultra 4509 / ferritic stainless data sheet — Outokumpu (2022)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- GB/T 3280 — (022Cr18NbTi) — SAC (2015)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison; hardness values on non-Brinell scales are converted approximately for charting only. Manufacturability limits are FabDigit quote-engine defaults and may be relaxed by engineering review. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.