Copper Alloy C94900 M01-Sand
Finish state · default condition
UNS C94900
M01-Sand = as-cast, sand cast
Standard general-purpose condition for valve bodies, housings and bushings poured in sand molds.
Values for the M01-Sand condition
Other C94900 tempers and conditions
C94900 is listed in 2 conditions; see the grade overview at C94900.
- M01-Sand
- M02-Centrifugal
Compare all 2 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01-SandDefaultThis page As-cast, sand cast | Standard general-purpose condition for valve bodies, housings and bushings poured in sand molds. | 138 | 262 | 18 | 75 HB | 11.5 % IACS |
As-cast, centrifugal cast | Use for large rings, sleeves and thick-wall bushings where a dense, inclusion-free wall is required. | 150 | 275 | 15 | 80 HB | 11.5 % IACS |
What is C94900 M01-Sand?
C94900 M01-Sand is C94900 supplied in the M01-Sand condition — standard general-purpose condition for valve bodies, housings and bushings poured in sand molds. C94900 M01-Sand has a yield strength of 138 MPa (20 ksi) and a tensile strength of 262 MPa (38 ksi) — weaker than 76% of copper alloy grades. Elongation at break is 18% and the elastic modulus is 100 GPa (14.5 Msi). C94900 M01-Sand has a density of 8.75 g/cm³ (0.316 lb/in³), lighter than 51% of copper alloy grades. It melts at 855°C (1,571 °F).
Advantages
- Easy to machine — 80/100, better than 86% of copper alloy grades
Limitations
- Limited formability — 10/100, worse than 89% of copper alloy grades
- Difficult to weld — 20/100, worse than 88% of copper alloy grades
- Hard to polish — 65/100, worse than 87% of copper alloy grades
- Low stiffness — 100 GPa (14.5 Msi), worse than 82% of copper alloy grades
- Low strength — 138 MPa (20 ksi), worse than 76% of copper alloy grades
C94900 M01-Sand properties
Typical room-temperature values for C94900 M01-Sand; 21 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are C94900 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among copper alloy grades.
Physical3
C94900 M01-Sand has a density of 8.75 g/cm³ (0.316 lb/in³), lighter than 51% of copper alloy grades. It melts at 855°C (1,571 °F).
Mechanical15
C94900 M01-Sand has a yield strength of 138 MPa (20 ksi) and a tensile strength of 262 MPa (38 ksi) — weaker than 76% of copper alloy grades. Elongation at break is 18% and the elastic modulus is 100 GPa (14.5 Msi).
Thermal6
C94900 M01-Sand is rated for continuous service to 230°C (446 °F). It conducts heat at 45 W/m·K (26 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 76% of copper alloy grades. Thermal expansion is 18 µm/m·K (10 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
C94900 M01-Sand conducts electricity at 11.5 % IACS, worse than 65% of copper alloy grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is good (60/100), worse than 68% of copper alloy grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of C94900 M01-Sand takes about 55 MJ of energy and emits 3.6 kg of CO₂ — less than 72% of copper alloy grades. Typical recycled content is 75%.
Manufacturability8
C94900 M01-Sand's machinability is very good (80/100, better than 86% of copper alloy grades); weldability poor (20/100); formability not recommended (10/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with C94900 M01-Sand
Is C94900 easy to machine?
Free-machining thanks to the lead phase (~80% rating): use sharp positive-rake carbide or HSS, high speed, light feed, dry or with light oil mist; chips break short.
Can C94900 be welded?
Not recommended for fusion welding due to 4–6% Pb (hot cracking, porosity); repair by brazing with low-temperature filler or mechanical fastening; soldering is good.
Can C94900 be formed, bent or molded?
Cast-only alloy — sand, continuous or centrifugal casting with generous risers and directional solidification; no cold forming, hot working not practiced.
What surface finishes work on C94900?
Machines to a good surface and polishes well; can be tin-, nickel- or chrome-plated for wear or appearance; no anodizing; unprotected surfaces develop a brown-green patina.
C94900 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Sn | 4 – 6 | 5 |
| Pb | 4 – 6 | 5 |
| Zn | 4 – 6 | 5 |
| NiNi + Co | 4 – 6 | 5 |
| Fe | ≤ 0.3 | — |
| Sb | ≤ 0.25 | — |
| S | ≤ 0.08 | — |
| P | ≤ 0.05 | — |
| Al | ≤ 0.01 | — |
| Si | ≤ 0.01 | — |
| Cu | ≥ 79 (balance) | — |
C94900 M01-Sand — frequently asked
What is C94900 M01-Sand used for?
C94900 M01-Sand is typically used for bushings, valve bodies and pump housings. In short: free-machining cast bronze; not fusion weldable; moderate-strength bushing alloy.
What is the yield strength of C94900 M01-Sand?
C94900 M01-Sand has a typical yield strength of 138 MPa (20 ksi) and a tensile strength of 262 MPa (38 ksi) — weaker than 76% of copper alloy grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 2 listed tempers.
Is C94900 M01-Sand easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (80/100, better than 86% of copper alloy grades). Free-machining thanks to the lead phase (~80% rating): use sharp positive-rake carbide or HSS, high speed, light feed, dry or with light oil mist; chips break short.
Can C94900 M01-Sand be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (20/100). Not recommended for fusion welding due to 4–6% Pb (hot cracking, porosity); repair by brazing with low-temperature filler or mechanical fastening; soldering is good.
What surface finishes work on C94900 M01-Sand?
Machines to a good surface and polishes well; can be tin-, nickel- or chrome-plated for wear or appearance; no anodizing; unprotected surfaces develop a brown-green patina.
Can C94900 M01-Sand be formed, bent or molded?
Cast-only alloy — sand, continuous or centrifugal casting with generous risers and directional solidification; no cold forming, hot working not practiced.
What is the maximum service temperature of C94900 M01-Sand?
C94900 M01-Sand is rated for continuous use to about 230°C (446 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Sources
- ASTM B505/B505M — Continuous Cast Copper Alloys — ASTM (2018)
- ASTM B584 — Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General Applications — ASTM (2022)
- Copper Alloy C94900 alloy datasheet — Copper Development Association (copper.org) (2024)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.