Copper Alloy C91600-M02
Heat-treated state
UNS C91600
M02 = as centrifugally cast
Choose for large-diameter rings, worm-gear rims and bushings where a dense, porosity-free wall and high strength are required.
Values for the M02 condition
Other C91600 tempers and conditions
C91600 is listed in 4 conditions; see the grade overview at C91600.
Compare all 4 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As sand cast | Pick for large or one-off gear/worm-wheel castings and complex shapes; slightly lower hardness and strength than continuous cast, higher ductility. | 152 | 310 | 16 | 90 HB | 11 % IACS |
M07Default As continuous cast | Standard stock form: continuous-cast bar, tube and hollow for gear blanks, worm gears and heavy-duty bearings; densest and most uniform structure. | 172 | 310 | 10 | 105 HB | 11 % IACS |
M02This page As centrifugally cast | Choose for large-diameter rings, worm-gear rims and bushings where a dense, porosity-free wall and high strength are required. | 180 | 320 | 12 | 105 HB | 11 % IACS |
As pressure die cast | Used for smaller repeat gear and bearing parts; chilling refines the structure giving hardness at the upper end of the range. | 190 | 330 | 10 | 115 HB | 11 % IACS |
What is C91600-M02?
C91600-M02 is C91600 heat treated to M02 — choose for large-diameter rings, worm-gear rims and bushings where a dense, porosity-free wall and high strength are required. C91600-M02 has a yield strength of 180 MPa (26.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) — weaker than 59% of copper alloy grades. Elongation at break is 12% and the elastic modulus is 110 GPa (16 Msi). C91600-M02 has a density of 8.8 g/cm³ (0.318 lb/in³), heavier than 58% of copper alloy grades. It melts at 855°C (1,571 °F). M07 is the default condition FabDigit quotes; M02 is available on request or by drawing note.
Limitations
- Limited formability — 8/100, worse than 94% of copper alloy grades
- Difficult to weld — 20/100, worse than 88% of copper alloy grades
C91600-M02 properties
Typical room-temperature values for C91600-M02; 21 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are C91600 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among copper alloy grades.
Physical3
C91600-M02 has a density of 8.8 g/cm³ (0.318 lb/in³), heavier than 58% of copper alloy grades. It melts at 855°C (1,571 °F).
Mechanical15
C91600-M02 has a yield strength of 180 MPa (26.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) — weaker than 59% of copper alloy grades. Elongation at break is 12% and the elastic modulus is 110 GPa (16 Msi).
Thermal6
C91600-M02 is rated for continuous service to 250°C (482 °F). It conducts heat at 47 W/m·K (27.2 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 69% of copper alloy grades. Thermal expansion is 18 µm/m·K (10 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
C91600-M02 conducts electricity at 11 % IACS, worse than 68% of copper alloy grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is good (66/100), better than 64% of copper alloy grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of C91600-M02 takes about 55 MJ of energy and emits 4 kg of CO₂ — less than 72% of copper alloy grades. Typical recycled content is 40%.
Manufacturability7
C91600-M02's machinability is poor (34/100, worse than 53% of copper alloy grades); weldability poor (20/100); formability not recommended (8/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with C91600-M02
Is C91600 easy to machine?
Machines to fine finish with sharp positive-rake carbide and light feeds, but the hard delta phase gives gummy-to-abrasive behaviour — rating only ~20–30 % of free-cutting brass; use plenty of coolant and rigid setups.
Can C91600 be welded?
Essentially not weldable by arc/gas methods (hot-short, tin oxide/segregation); repair by brazing or soft solder, and prefer mechanical joining or press fits.
Can C91600 be formed, bent or molded?
Cast-only alloy with negligible cold formability; long freezing range demands generous risering, chills and directional solidification to avoid tin sweat and interdendritic porosity.
What surface finishes work on C91600?
Takes a good mechanical polish and can be tin- or nickel-plated; not anodizable — natural bronze patina or lacquer for appearance parts.
C91600 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| CuCu + named elements ≥ 99.4 % | 86 – 89 | 87.5 |
| Sn | 9.7 – 10.8 | 10.3 |
| Nigrain refiner / strengthener; includes Co | 1.2 – 2 | 1.6 |
| Pdeoxidizer | ≤ 0.3 | 0.15 |
| Pb | ≤ 0.25 | — |
| Zn | ≤ 0.25 | — |
| Fe | ≤ 0.2 | — |
| Sb | ≤ 0.2 | — |
| S | ≤ 0.05 | — |
| Al | ≤ 0.01 | — |
| Si | ≤ 0.01 | — |
C91600-M02 — frequently asked
What is C91600-M02 used for?
C91600-M02 is typically used for worm gears, gear wheels and wear parts. In short: nickel-refined gear bronze; tougher than C91100; slow to machine.
What is the yield strength of C91600-M02?
C91600-M02 has a typical yield strength of 180 MPa (26.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 320 MPa (46.4 ksi) — weaker than 59% of copper alloy grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 4 listed tempers.
Is C91600-M02 easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (34/100, worse than 53% of copper alloy grades). Machines to fine finish with sharp positive-rake carbide and light feeds, but the hard delta phase gives gummy-to-abrasive behaviour — rating only ~20–30 % of free-cutting brass; use plenty of coolant and rigid setups.
Can C91600-M02 be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (20/100). Essentially not weldable by arc/gas methods (hot-short, tin oxide/segregation); repair by brazing or soft solder, and prefer mechanical joining or press fits.
What surface finishes work on C91600-M02?
Takes a good mechanical polish and can be tin- or nickel-plated; not anodizable — natural bronze patina or lacquer for appearance parts.
Can C91600-M02 be formed, bent or molded?
Cast-only alloy with negligible cold formability; long freezing range demands generous risering, chills and directional solidification to avoid tin sweat and interdendritic porosity.
What is the maximum service temperature of C91600-M02?
C91600-M02 is rated for continuous use to about 250°C (482 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between C91600-M07 and C91600-M01?
M07 is the default condition — standard stock form: continuous-cast bar, tube and hollow for gear blanks, worm gears and heavy-duty bearings; densest and most uniform structure. M01: pick for large or one-off gear/worm-wheel castings and complex shapes; slightly lower hardness and strength than continuous cast, higher ductility. Yield strength is 172 MPa in M07 versus 152 MPa in M01.
Sources
- ASTM B427 — Gear Bronze Alloy Castings — ASTM International (2020)
- ASTM B505/B505M — Continuous Cast Copper Alloy Castings — ASTM International (2018)
- Copper Alloy C91600 alloy datasheet — Copper Development Association (copper.org) (2024)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties of Nonferrous Alloys (Cast Copper Alloys) — ASM International (1990)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.