Steel P235TR1 +N (Normalized)
Heat-treated state · default condition
EN 1.0254
Standard pressure-tube delivery condition: fine uniform ferrite-pearlite, best toughness and bending behaviour.
Values for the +N condition
Other P235TR1 tempers and conditions
P235TR1 is listed in 5 conditions; see the grade overview at P235TR1.
Compare all 5 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot rolled | Cheapest delivery route for non-critical low-temperature piping where only the tensile spec must be met. | 270 | 410 | 26 | 118 HB | 10.5 % IACS |
+NDefaultThis page Normalized | Standard pressure-tube delivery condition: fine uniform ferrite-pearlite, best toughness and bending behaviour. | 275 | 420 | 28 | 120 HB | — |
Normalizing formed | Equivalent to +N properties without a separate furnace cycle; accepted by EN 10216-1 where a normalized structure is required. | 275 | 420 | 28 | 120 HB | 10.5 % IACS |
Stress relieved | Choose when dimensional stability after machining or bending of cold-drawn tube matters more than peak strength. | 350 | 470 | 16 | 140 HB | 10.4 % IACS |
Cold drawn | Precision cold-drawn tube for tight tolerance and higher strength; not for pressure service unless subsequently normalized. | 420 | 520 | 10 | 155 HB | 10.2 % IACS |
What is P235TR1 +N?
P235TR1 +N is P235TR1 heat treated to +N — standard pressure-tube delivery condition: fine uniform ferrite-pearlite, best toughness and bending behaviour. P235TR1 +N has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) — weaker than 91% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 28% and the elastic modulus is 210 GPa (30.5 Msi). P235TR1 +N has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,460°C (2,660 °F).
Advantages
- Forms and bends easily — 88/100, better than 98% of steel grades
- Readily welded — 95/100, better than 97% of steel grades
- Easy to machine — 65/100, better than 93% of steel grades
- Ductile — tolerates forming and impact — 28%, better than 89% of steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 10.5 % IACS, better than 89% of steel grades
Limitations
- Low strength — 275 MPa (39.9 ksi), worse than 91% of steel grades
- Hard to polish — 45/100, worse than 84% of steel grades
- Limited service temperature — 300°C (572 °F), worse than 78% of steel grades
P235TR1 +N properties
Typical room-temperature values for P235TR1 +N; 10 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are P235TR1 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among steel grades.
Physical3
P235TR1 +N has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,460°C (2,660 °F).
Mechanical16
P235TR1 +N has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) — weaker than 91% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 28% and the elastic modulus is 210 GPa (30.5 Msi).
Thermal6
P235TR1 +N is rated for continuous service to 300°C (572 °F). It conducts heat at 50 W/m·K (28.9 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 12 µm/m·K (6.67 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
P235TR1 +N conducts electricity at 10.5 % IACS, better than 89% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (12/100), worse than 53% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of P235TR1 +N takes about 25 MJ of energy and emits 2.1 kg of CO₂ — less than 82% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 30%.
Manufacturability7
P235TR1 +N's machinability is good (65/100, better than 93% of steel grades); weldability excellent (95/100); formability excellent (88/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with P235TR1 +N
Is P235TR1 easy to machine?
Free-cutting is easy but the low-carbon matrix is gummy — use positive rake, sharp coated carbide, high speed and good coolant to avoid built-up edge and stringy chips.
Can P235TR1 be welded?
Excellent weldability by SMAW/GTAW/GMAW/SAW with E/ER70-class consumables; CEV ≈ 0.30 so no preheat is needed below ~25 mm wall, PWHT only per EN 13480 thickness rules.
Can P235TR1 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold bends to tight radii (typically 3–5 × OD) and flares/expands readily in the +N condition; hot forming 850–1050 °C followed by re-normalizing for pressure duty.
What surface finishes work on P235TR1?
Not anodizable — protect with hot-dip galvanizing, zinc/epoxy primer, phosphating or 3LPE coating; pickle and passivate before painting to remove mill scale.
P235TR1 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Ccast analysis, EN 10216-1 | ≤ 0.16 | 0.12 |
| Si | ≤ 0.35 | 0.2 |
| Mn | ≤ 1.2 | 0.6 |
| P | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| S | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Crresidual; Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni ≤ 0.70 | ≤ 0.3 | 0.05 |
| Curesidual | ≤ 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Moresidual | ≤ 0.08 | 0.01 |
| Niresidual | ≤ 0.3 | 0.05 |
| Tiresidual | ≤ 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Vresidual | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Nbresidual | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Altotal Al ≥ 0.020 required for the killed TR2 quality; not mandatory for TR1 | ≈ 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Fe | balance | — |
P235TR1 +N — frequently asked
What is P235TR1 +N used for?
P235TR1 +N is typically used for pressure piping, boiler and heat-exchanger tubes, steam lines and process piping systems. In short: stronger than P195 tube; matches A106 Grade A; workhorse pressure piping grade.
What is the yield strength of P235TR1 +N?
P235TR1 +N has a typical yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) — weaker than 91% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 5 listed tempers.
Is P235TR1 +N easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated good (65/100, better than 93% of steel grades). Free-cutting is easy but the low-carbon matrix is gummy — use positive rake, sharp coated carbide, high speed and good coolant to avoid built-up edge and stringy chips.
Can P235TR1 +N be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (95/100). Excellent weldability by SMAW/GTAW/GMAW/SAW with E/ER70-class consumables; CEV ≈ 0.30 so no preheat is needed below ~25 mm wall, PWHT only per EN 13480 thickness rules.
What surface finishes work on P235TR1 +N?
Not anodizable — protect with hot-dip galvanizing, zinc/epoxy primer, phosphating or 3LPE coating; pickle and passivate before painting to remove mill scale.
Can P235TR1 +N be formed, bent or molded?
Cold bends to tight radii (typically 3–5 × OD) and flares/expands readily in the +N condition; hot forming 850–1050 °C followed by re-normalizing for pressure duty.
What is the maximum service temperature of P235TR1 +N?
P235TR1 +N is rated for continuous use to about 300°C (572 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Sources
- EN 10216-1 Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties — CEN (2013)
- EN 10217-1 Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Non-alloy steel tubes — CEN (2019)
- EN 10027-2 / Stahl-Eisen-Liste material number 1.0254 — CEN / VDEh (2015)
- ASTM A106/A106M Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service (Grade A comparison) — ASTM (2019)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping — Design and calculation — CEN (2017)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.