Steel Q235D-N (Normalized)
Heat-treated state
GB Q235D
Pick for heavy plate/forgings where uniform fine grain and reliable sub-zero impact energy through thickness are required.
Values for the N condition
Other Q235D tempers and conditions
Q235D is listed in 6 conditions; see the grade overview at Q235D.
Compare all 6 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solution annealed | Softest condition, for maximum cold formability or to relieve stresses after heavy forming or welding. | 240 | 400 | 33 | 115 HB | 11 % IACS |
HRDefault Hot rolled | Default mill condition for plate, sections, coil and bar; use for general welded structures needing −20 °C toughness. | 265 | 430 | 29 | 130 HB | — |
NThis page Normalized | Pick for heavy plate/forgings where uniform fine grain and reliable sub-zero impact energy through thickness are required. | 275 | 440 | 31 | 128 HB | 10.8 % IACS |
Thermomechanically controlled processed | Use for thick plate where high toughness at −20 °C with a low carbon equivalent (low preheat welding) is wanted. | 290 | 450 | 30 | 135 HB | 10.8 % IACS |
Cold rolled | Thin-gauge sheet for pressed parts and enclosures where surface finish and dimensional accuracy matter. | 310 | 420 | 22 | 140 HB | 10.8 % IACS |
Cold drawn | Choose for shafts, pins and machined parts needing tight tolerance, bright finish and higher yield strength. | 400 | 500 | 14 | 170 HB | — |
What is Q235D-N?
Q235D-N is Q235D heat treated to N — pick for heavy plate/forgings where uniform fine grain and reliable sub-zero impact energy through thickness are required. Q235D-N has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 440 MPa (63.8 ksi) — weaker than 91% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 31% and the elastic modulus is 206 GPa (29.9 Msi). Q235D-N has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,495°C (2,723 °F). HR is the default condition FabDigit quotes; N is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- Forms and bends easily — 88/100, better than 98% of steel grades
- Easy to machine — 72/100, better than 97% of steel grades
- Readily welded — 95/100, better than 97% of steel grades
- Ductile — tolerates forming and impact — 31%, better than 94% of steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 10.8 % IACS, better than 94% of steel grades
Limitations
- Low strength — 275 MPa (39.9 ksi), worse than 91% of steel grades
- Hard to polish — 45/100, worse than 84% of steel grades
Q235D-N properties
Typical room-temperature values for Q235D-N; 22 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are Q235D reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among steel grades.
Physical3
Q235D-N has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,495°C (2,723 °F).
Mechanical16
Q235D-N has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 440 MPa (63.8 ksi) — weaker than 91% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 31% and the elastic modulus is 206 GPa (29.9 Msi).
Thermal6
Q235D-N is rated for continuous service to 350°C (662 °F). It conducts heat at 50 W/m·K (28.9 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 12 µm/m·K (6.67 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Q235D-N conducts electricity at 10.8 % IACS, better than 94% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (10/100), worse than 86% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Q235D-N takes about 25 MJ of energy and emits 2.1 kg of CO₂ — less than 82% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 22%.
Manufacturability6
Q235D-N's machinability is very good (72/100, better than 97% of steel grades); weldability excellent (95/100); formability excellent (88/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with Q235D-N
Is Q235D easy to machine?
Machines easily with HSS or carbide at ~68 % of AISI 1212; low carbon makes it gummy, so use sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and good chip evacuation for clean threads and finishes.
Can Q235D be welded?
Excellent weldability by SMAW/GMAW/SAW with E43xx (E6013/E7018 class) consumables; CEV ≈ 0.30–0.35 so no preheat below ~30 mm, use low-hydrogen electrodes to preserve the −20 °C impact requirement.
Can Q235D be formed, bent or molded?
Good cold bending and pressing per the GB/T 700 cold-bend test (d = a for ≤60 mm); hot forming at 1150–850 °C, avoid finishing below 800 °C to keep grain fine.
What surface finishes work on Q235D?
No natural corrosion resistance — specify shot blasting to Sa 2½ plus paint, hot-dip galvanizing or zinc-rich primer; can be phosphated, black oxided or electroplated.
Q235D chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| CGB/T 700-2006 Q235D | ≤ 0.17 | 0.15 |
| Si | ≤ 0.35 | 0.22 |
| Mn | ≤ 1.4 | 0.55 |
| P | ≤ 0.04 | 0.02 |
| S | ≤ 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Alacid-soluble Al when fine-grain/killed practice is applied | ≥ 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Fe | balance | — |
Q235D-N — frequently asked
What is Q235D-N used for?
Q235D-N is typically used for structural steel, low-temperature service structures and welded assemblies. In short: cold-climate Q235 grade; −20 °C impact tested; highly weldable structural steel.
What is the yield strength of Q235D-N?
Q235D-N has a typical yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 440 MPa (63.8 ksi) — weaker than 91% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is Q235D-N easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (72/100, better than 97% of steel grades). Machines easily with HSS or carbide at ~68 % of AISI 1212; low carbon makes it gummy, so use sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and good chip evacuation for clean threads and finishes.
Can Q235D-N be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (95/100). Excellent weldability by SMAW/GMAW/SAW with E43xx (E6013/E7018 class) consumables; CEV ≈ 0.30–0.35 so no preheat below ~30 mm, use low-hydrogen electrodes to preserve the −20 °C impact requirement.
What surface finishes work on Q235D-N?
No natural corrosion resistance — specify shot blasting to Sa 2½ plus paint, hot-dip galvanizing or zinc-rich primer; can be phosphated, black oxided or electroplated.
Can Q235D-N be formed, bent or molded?
Good cold bending and pressing per the GB/T 700 cold-bend test (d = a for ≤60 mm); hot forming at 1150–850 °C, avoid finishing below 800 °C to keep grain fine.
What is the maximum service temperature of Q235D-N?
Q235D-N is rated for continuous use to about 350°C (662 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between Q235D-HR and Q235D-CD?
HR is the default condition — default mill condition for plate, sections, coil and bar; use for general welded structures needing −20 °C toughness. CD: choose for shafts, pins and machined parts needing tight tolerance, bright finish and higher yield strength. Yield strength is 265 MPa in HR versus 400 MPa in CD.
Sources
- ASM Handbook Vol.1: Properties and Selection — Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- Machinery's Handbook, 31st ed. — Industrial Press (2020)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.