Steel GE360 +N (Normalized)
Heat-treated state · default condition
EN 1.0597
Standard supply condition: refines the as-cast structure and meets the GE360 strength/elongation minima at lowest heat-treat cost.
Values for the +N condition
Other GE360 tempers and conditions
GE360 is listed in 6 conditions; see the grade overview at GE360.
Compare all 6 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annealed | Pick when maximum machinability and dimensional stability matter more than strength, e.g. before heavy roughing. | 300 | 570 | 16 | 160 HB | 9.8 % IACS |
As fabricated | Lowest-cost condition for non-critical, lightly loaded parts where the specified mechanical minima are not certified. | 320 | 620 | 8 | 185 HB | 9.5 % IACS |
Stress relieved | Use after welding or heavy machining of large castings to cut residual stress with almost no strength loss. | 380 | 660 | 13 | 190 HB | 9.5 % IACS |
Normalized and tempered | Normalize plus temper when slightly better toughness and stress state are wanted in thick sections without quenching. | 395 | 670 | 14 | 190 HB | 9.5 % IACS |
+NDefaultThis page Normalized | Standard supply condition: refines the as-cast structure and meets the GE360 strength/elongation minima at lowest heat-treat cost. | 400 | 690 | 12 | 195 HB | 9.5 % IACS |
Quenched and tempered | Choose for the highest strength/toughness combination in moderate wall thickness (gears, sprockets, crusher parts). | 470 | 760 | 14 | 20 HRC | — |
What is GE360 +N?
GE360 +N is GE360 heat treated to +N — standard supply condition: refines the as-cast structure and meets the GE360 strength/elongation minima at lowest heat-treat cost. GE360 +N has a yield strength of 400 MPa (58 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 60% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 12% and the elastic modulus is 210 GPa (30.5 Msi). GE360 +N has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,420°C (2,588 °F).
Advantages
- Low embodied carbon — 1.9 kg CO₂/kg, better than 92% of steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 48 W/m·K (27.7 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 79% of steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 9.5 % IACS, better than 75% of steel grades
Limitations
- Limited formability — 15/100, worse than 87% of steel grades
- Limited ductility — 12%, worse than 84% of steel grades
- Low fracture toughness — 60 MPa·√m (54.6 ksi·√in), worse than 78% of steel grades
GE360 +N properties
Typical room-temperature values for GE360 +N; 22 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are GE360 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among steel grades.
Physical3
GE360 +N has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,420°C (2,588 °F).
Mechanical16
GE360 +N has a yield strength of 400 MPa (58 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 60% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 12% and the elastic modulus is 210 GPa (30.5 Msi).
Thermal6
GE360 +N is rated for continuous service to 400°C (752 °F). It conducts heat at 48 W/m·K (27.7 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 79% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 12.3 µm/m·K (6.83 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
GE360 +N conducts electricity at 9.5 % IACS, better than 75% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (12/100), worse than 53% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of GE360 +N takes about 22 MJ of energy and emits 1.9 kg of CO₂ — less than 99% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 85%.
Manufacturability7
GE360 +N's machinability is fair (45/100, worse than 65% of steel grades); weldability fair (50/100); formability poor (15/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with GE360 +N
Is GE360 easy to machine?
Machines like normalized 1045: carbide tooling, 120–180 m/min turning, watch for hard skin, scale and sand inclusions on the as-cast surface.
Can GE360 be welded?
Weldable with low-hydrogen electrodes or MAG but CEV ≈0.5–0.6 — preheat 150–250 °C, control interpass, and stress relieve at 600–650 °C after major repair welds.
Can GE360 be formed, bent or molded?
Sand or investment cast at ~1560–1600 °C with generous risering/chills; feed heavy sections to avoid shrinkage porosity and hot tears, allow ~2 % pattern shrink.
What surface finishes work on GE360?
No inherent corrosion resistance — shot blast then paint, zinc-rich primer, phosphate, or hot-dip galvanize; can be flame/induction hardened or hard chrome plated on wear faces.
GE360 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Cmedium-carbon; upper limit governs weldability | ≤ 0.45 | 0.4 |
| Si | ≤ 0.6 | 0.45 |
| Mn | ≤ 1.2 | 0.9 |
| P | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| S | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Crresidual | ≤ 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Niresidual | ≤ 0.4 | 0.1 |
| Moresidual | ≤ 0.15 | 0.05 |
| Curesidual | ≤ 0.4 | 0.15 |
| Vresidual | ≤ 0.05 | — |
| Fe | balance | — |
GE360 +N — frequently asked
What is GE360 +N used for?
GE360 +N is typically used for heavy-duty machine castings, mill housings and crusher parts. In short: strongest plain-carbon cast steel; cast equivalent of normalized 1045; lower ductility than Mn grades.
What is the yield strength of GE360 +N?
GE360 +N has a typical yield strength of 400 MPa (58 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 60% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is GE360 +N easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated fair (45/100, worse than 65% of steel grades). Machines like normalized 1045: carbide tooling, 120–180 m/min turning, watch for hard skin, scale and sand inclusions on the as-cast surface.
Can GE360 +N be welded?
With care — weldability is rated fair (50/100). Weldable with low-hydrogen electrodes or MAG but CEV ≈0.5–0.6 — preheat 150–250 °C, control interpass, and stress relieve at 600–650 °C after major repair welds.
What surface finishes work on GE360 +N?
No inherent corrosion resistance — shot blast then paint, zinc-rich primer, phosphate, or hot-dip galvanize; can be flame/induction hardened or hard chrome plated on wear faces.
Can GE360 +N be formed, bent or molded?
Sand or investment cast at ~1560–1600 °C with generous risering/chills; feed heavy sections to avoid shrinkage porosity and hot tears, allow ~2 % pattern shrink.
What is the maximum service temperature of GE360 +N?
GE360 +N is rated for continuous use to about 400°C (752 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between GE360 +N and GE360-F?
+N is the default condition — standard supply condition: refines the as-cast structure and meets the GE360 strength/elongation minima at lowest heat-treat cost. F: lowest-cost condition for non-critical, lightly loaded parts where the specified mechanical minima are not certified. Yield strength is 400 MPa in +N versus 320 MPa in F.
Sources
- EN 10293 — Steel castings for general engineering uses — CEN (2015)
- DIN 1681 — Cast steels for general engineering purposes (GS-38…GS-60) — DIN (1985)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys (cast carbon steels) — ASM International (1990)
- Steel Castings Handbook — Steel Founders' Society of America / ASM (1995)
- GB/T 11352 — (comparable ZG grades) — SAC (2009)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.