Aluminum 2014
AA 2014 · UNS A92014 · EN AlCu4SiMg, AW-2014 · JIS A2014 · GB 2A14, LY12
2014 is a high-strength Al–Cu–Si–Mg heat-treatable alloy (nominally 4.4 % Cu with ~0.8 % Si and 0.8 % Mn) used for aircraft structural forgings, truck frames, hydraulic fittings and heavy-duty machined parts where strength close to 7075 is needed but with better forgeability.
2014 tempers and conditions
2014 is supplied in 17 conditions, soft to hard.
Compare all 17 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annealed | Softest, most formable state — pick for deep forming, heavy bending or cold heading before solution treatment. | 97 | 185 | 18 | 45 HB | 50 % IACS |
Slightly strain hardened | Soft, near-annealed 2014 with only incidental strain hardening from mill handling — used for forming/deep drawing before solution treatment and ageing. | 105 | 190 | 17 | 47 HB | 50 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and naturally aged by the user from O or F | Specify when the fabricator heat-treats formed parts themselves; slightly lower guaranteed strength than mill T4. | 240 | 415 | 20 | 100 HB | 34 % IACS |
T4 extrusion, stress relieved by stretching | Extruded profiles/rod in T4 with controlled low residual stress for machined aerospace fittings. | 270 | 415 | 16 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
T4 extrusion, stress relieved by stretching with minor straightening | Same as T4510 but minor straightening permitted — the usual commercial stress-relieved T4 extrusion. | 270 | 415 | 16 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
T4, stress relieved by stretching | T4 plate/rolled bar stretched to relieve residual stress — best pick when T4 stock must be heavily machined without distortion. | 275 | 425 | 18 | 105 HB | 34 % IACS |
Extruded, solution treated, stress-relieved by stretching, no further… | Extrusions and drawn tube solution treated, stretched for stress relief and naturally aged, with no subsequent straightening permitted. | 285 | 425 | 14 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
Extruded, solution treated, stress-relieved by stretching, minor… | Same as T3510 but limited straightening after stretching is permitted, giving tighter tolerances with low residual stress for machined extrusions. | 285 | 425 | 14 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and naturally aged | Choose when parts must be formed or riveted after heat treatment; higher toughness and fatigue than T6 at lower yield. | 290 | 425 | 20 | 105 HB | 34 % IACS |
T3, stress relieved by stretching | Plate/rod temper: solution heat treated, cold-stretched about 1–3 % to relieve residual stress, then naturally aged — low distortion during machining with T4-level strength. | 295 | 440 | 18 | 105 HB | 34 % IACS |
Solution heat treated, cold worked and naturally aged | Sheet/rod temper for higher yield than T4 while keeping useful ductility for riveting and light forming. | 305 | 440 | 15 | 110 HB | 34 % IACS |
T6, heat treated by the user | Use when O/F stock is formed then fully heat-treated in-house to T6-level strength. | 400 | 470 | 8 | 132 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6, stress relieved by compression | Standard temper for 2014 hand and die forgings that will be machined all over; short-transverse ductility is the limiting property. | 400 | 470 | 7 | 130 HB | 40 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and artificially aged | Standard maximum-strength temper for machined structural parts, forgings and fittings; accept lower ductility and poor weldability. | 414 | 483 | 13 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6, stress relieved by stretching | Preferred plate temper for heavily machined tooling and structural parts — T6 strength with low residual stress and minimal distortion. | 415 | 470 | 9 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6 extrusion, stress relieved by stretching | Low-residual-stress T6 extrusion for precision-machined aerospace and hydraulic components. | 415 | 470 | 8 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6, stress relieved by stretching, minor straightening | The common commercial stress-relieved T6 extruded bar/profile grade for machining shops. | 415 | 470 | 8 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
What is 2014?
2014 is a high-strength Al–Cu–Si–Mg heat-treatable alloy (nominally 4.4 % Cu with ~0.8 % Si and 0.8 % Mn) used for aircraft structural forgings, truck frames, hydraulic fittings and heavy-duty machined parts where strength close to 7075 is needed but with better forgeability. In the T6/T651 conditions it reaches ~480 MPa UTS and machines very well, and the Si addition gives it the best forging and hot-working behaviour of the 2000-series family. Its limits are poor corrosion resistance (needs Alclad, anodizing or paint, and it is sensitive to exfoliation/SCC in the short-transverse direction), essentially non-weldable by fusion methods because of hot cracking, and only fair formability once aged. 2014 has a density of 2.8 g/cm³ (0.101 lb/in³), heavier than 81% of aluminum grades. It melts at 507°C (945 °F). 2014 has a yield strength of 414 MPa (60 ksi) and a tensile strength of 483 MPa (70.1 ksi) — stronger than 88% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 13% and the elastic modulus is 72.4 GPa (10.5 Msi).
What is 2014 used for?
- Aircraft structures
- Truck wheels
- Forgings
Advantages
- Easy to machine — 78/100, better than 89% of aluminum grades
- High strength — 414 MPa (60 ksi), better than 88% of aluminum grades
- Ductile — tolerates forming and impact — 13%, better than 79% of aluminum grades
Limitations
- Needs corrosion protection — 30/100, worse than 98% of aluminum grades
- Difficult to weld — 25/100, worse than 76% of aluminum grades
2014 properties
Typical room-temperature values; bars are the position among aluminum grades.
Physical3
2014 has a density of 2.8 g/cm³ (0.101 lb/in³), heavier than 81% of aluminum grades. It melts at 507°C (945 °F).
Mechanical13
2014 has a yield strength of 414 MPa (60 ksi) and a tensile strength of 483 MPa (70.1 ksi) — stronger than 88% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 13% and the elastic modulus is 72.4 GPa (10.5 Msi).
Thermal6
2014 is rated for continuous service to 150°C (302 °F). It conducts heat at 155 W/m·K (89.6 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 71% of aluminum grades. Thermal expansion is 22.5 µm/m·K (12.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
2014 conducts electricity at 40 % IACS, better than 72% of aluminum grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is poor (30/100), worse than 98% of aluminum grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 2014 takes about 200 MJ of energy and emits 12.5 kg of CO₂ — less than 60% of aluminum grades. Typical recycled content is 20%.
Manufacturability8
2014's machinability is very good (78/100, better than 89% of aluminum grades); weldability poor (25/100); formability poor (30/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Strength versus weight in the aluminum family
Yield strength against density for every aluminum grade FabDigit runs. 2014 is highlighted; hover a dot for its name, or open the interactive family chart.
Working with 2014
Is 2014 easy to machine?
Excellent chip-forming alloy in T6/T651 — high speeds with polished-flute carbide, 0.05–0.15 mm/tooth, flood or MQL coolant; stress-relieved tempers (T651/T6511) are essential for thin machined sections.
Can 2014 be welded?
Not recommended for GTAW/GMAW (hot cracking and severe loss of temper); join by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, resistance spot welding or friction stir welding, and re-heat-treat if fusion welding is unavoidable.
Can 2014 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O or freshly solution-treated T4 (refrigerate to delay natural ageing); one of the best 2000-series alloys for hot forging at 420–460 °C, but T6 material has little cold bend capability.
Manufacturability
The process limits FabDigit applies to 2014. Every 2014 part is priced by an engineer; design inside these and the quote comes back without a redesign loop.
CNC machining
| Machinability | Better78 / 100 |
|---|---|
| ISO material group | N.2 |
| Cutting speed (rough / finish) | 280 / 340 m/min |
| Minimum wall | 0.8 mm |
| Minimum internal radius | 1 mm |
| Drill depth limit | 6× diameter |
| Best surface (machined / polished) | Ra 0.8 / — |
| Hardenable after machining | No |
Sheet metal
| Formability | Fair30 / 100 |
|---|---|
| Weldability | Poor25 / 100 |
2014 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Si | 0.5 – 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Feimpurity limit | ≤ 0.7 | |
| Cuprincipal strengthening element | 3.9 – 5 | 4.4 |
| Mn | 0.4 – 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Mg | 0.2 – 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Cr | ≤ 0.1 | |
| Zn | ≤ 0.25 | |
| TiTi+Zr max 0.20 in some standards | ≤ 0.15 | |
| Others (each)total 0.15 max | ≤ 0.05 | |
| Alremainder, nominally ~92.5 % | balance |
What surface finishes work on 2014?
Sulfuric or hard anodize for wear and corrosion, chromate/trivalent conversion coat plus primer for aerospace service; expect grey-yellow anodic film from the Cu content, and use Alclad sheet or paint for marine/salt exposure.
Surface treatments FabDigit runs on aluminum parts — pick them in the quote configurator or call them out on the drawing. Each links to its datasheet in the surface-finish library (thickness, specs, call-out, material verdicts).
Passivation
Conversion Coating
PVD Coating
Equivalent designations
Standards and trade names that resolve to Aluminum 2014 in FabDigit's catalog. Equivalence is nominal — check the exact specification when certification matters.
- UNS
- A92014
- Aluminum Association
- AA2014
- EN / DIN / Werkstoff-Nr.
- AlCu4SiMgAW-20143.1255
- GB (China)
- 2A14LY12LD10
- JIS
- A2014
How much does 2014 cost?
2014 is a premium-cost aluminum ($$$), cheaper than about 60% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
2014 — frequently asked
What is 2014 used for?
2014 is typically used for aircraft structures, truck wheels and forgings. In short: high-strength forgings; aerospace structure.
What is the yield strength of 2014?
2014 has a typical yield strength of 414 MPa (60 ksi) and a tensile strength of 483 MPa (70.1 ksi) — stronger than 88% of aluminum grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 17 listed tempers.
Is 2014 easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (78/100, better than 89% of aluminum grades). Excellent chip-forming alloy in T6/T651 — high speeds with polished-flute carbide, 0.05–0.15 mm/tooth, flood or MQL coolant; stress-relieved tempers (T651/T6511) are essential for thin machined sections.
Can 2014 be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (25/100). Not recommended for GTAW/GMAW (hot cracking and severe loss of temper); join by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, resistance spot welding or friction stir welding, and re-heat-treat if fusion welding is unavoidable.
What surface finishes work on 2014?
Sulfuric or hard anodize for wear and corrosion, chromate/trivalent conversion coat plus primer for aerospace service; expect grey-yellow anodic film from the Cu content, and use Alclad sheet or paint for marine/salt exposure.
Can 2014 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O or freshly solution-treated T4 (refrigerate to delay natural ageing); one of the best 2000-series alloys for hot forging at 420–460 °C, but T6 material has little cold bend capability.
What is the maximum service temperature of 2014?
2014 is rated for continuous use to about 150°C (302 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
How much does 2014 cost?
2014 is a premium-cost aluminum ($$$), cheaper than about 60% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
Can FabDigit make parts in 2014?
Yes — 2014 is available for CNC machining and sheet metal; every part is priced by an engineer rather than instantly. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- Aluminum Standards and Data / Teal Sheets — Registered Alloy 2014 — The Aluminum Association (2018)
- ASTM B209 / B211 / B221 (sheet & plate, bar & rod, extrusions) — ASTM International (2021)
- EN 573-3 / EN 485-2 — EN AW-2014 (AlCu4SiMg) — CEN (2019)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- MMPDS-2022 typical and design allowables for 2014 — Battelle/FAA (2022)
- 2014-T651 plate and T6511 bar datasheets — Constellium / Kaiser Aluminum (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison; hardness values on non-Brinell scales are converted approximately for charting only. Manufacturability limits are FabDigit quote-engine defaults and may be relaxed by engineering review. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.