Aluminum 2014 · temper
Aluminum 2014-T651
Properties of the T651 condition, compared with the other 2014 tempers.
Preferred plate temper for heavily machined tooling and structural parts — T6 strength with low residual stress and minimal distortion.
What is 2014-T651?
2014-T651 is 2014 in the T651 temper — preferred plate temper for heavily machined tooling and structural parts — T6 strength with low residual stress and minimal distortion. 2014-T651 has a yield strength of 415 MPa (60.2 ksi) and a tensile strength of 470 MPa (68.2 ksi) — stronger than 88% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 9% and the elastic modulus is 72.4 GPa (10.5 Msi). 2014-T651 has a density of 2.8 g/cm³ (0.101 lb/in³), heavier than 81% of aluminum grades. It melts at 507°C (945 °F).
Advantages
- Easy to machine — 80/100, better than 92% of aluminum grades
- High strength — 415 MPa (60.2 ksi), better than 88% of aluminum grades
Limitations
- Needs corrosion protection — 30/100, worse than 98% of aluminum grades
- Difficult to weld — 25/100, worse than 76% of aluminum grades
2014-T651 properties
Typical room-temperature values for 2014-T651 — 11 properties are specific to this condition; the rest are grade-level values shared by every 2014 temper. Each bar shows where the value sits among the aluminum grades in FabDigit's library — further right is higher.
Physical3
2014-T651 has a density of 2.8 g/cm³ (0.101 lb/in³), heavier than 81% of aluminum grades. It melts at 507°C (945 °F).
Mechanical13
2014-T651 has a yield strength of 415 MPa (60.2 ksi) and a tensile strength of 470 MPa (68.2 ksi) — stronger than 88% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 9% and the elastic modulus is 72.4 GPa (10.5 Msi).
Thermal6
2014-T651 is rated for continuous service to 150°C (302 °F). It conducts heat at 155 W/m·K (89.6 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 71% of aluminum grades. Thermal expansion is 22.5 µm/m·K (12.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
2014-T651 conducts electricity at 40 % IACS, better than 72% of aluminum grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is poor (30/100), worse than 98% of aluminum grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 2014-T651 takes about 200 MJ of energy and emits 12.5 kg of CO₂ — less than 60% of aluminum grades. Typical recycled content is 20%.
Manufacturability8
2014-T651's machinability is very good (80/100, better than 92% of aluminum grades); weldability poor (25/100); formability poor (30/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Other 2014 tempers and conditions
2014 is also supplied in 16 other conditions. The full side-by-side table is on the 2014 overview.
- T651Preferred plate temper for heavily machined tooling and structural parts — T6 strength with low residual stress and minimal distortion.415 MPa yield · 135 HB
- T6Standard maximum-strength temper for machined structural parts, forgings and fittings; accept lower ductility and poor weldability.414 MPa yield · 135 HB
- T3Sheet/rod temper for higher yield than T4 while keeping useful ductility for riveting and light forming.305 MPa yield · 110 HB
- T351Plate/rod temper: solution heat treated, cold-stretched about 1–3 % to relieve residual stress, then naturally aged — low distortion during machining with T4-level strength.295 MPa yield · 105 HB
- T4Choose when parts must be formed or riveted after heat treatment; higher toughness and fatigue than T6 at lower yield.290 MPa yield · 105 HB
- T3510Extrusions and drawn tube solution treated, stretched for stress relief and naturally aged, with no subsequent straightening permitted.285 MPa yield · 103 HB
- T3511Same as T3510 but limited straightening after stretching is permitted, giving tighter tolerances with low residual stress for machined extrusions.285 MPa yield · 103 HB
- H111Soft, near-annealed 2014 with only incidental strain hardening from mill handling — used for forming/deep drawing before solution treatment and ageing.105 MPa yield · 47 HB
- OSoftest, most formable state — pick for deep forming, heavy bending or cold heading before solution treatment.97 MPa yield · 45 HB
Working with 2014-T651
Is 2014 easy to machine?
Excellent chip-forming alloy in T6/T651 — high speeds with polished-flute carbide, 0.05–0.15 mm/tooth, flood or MQL coolant; stress-relieved tempers (T651/T6511) are essential for thin machined sections.
Can 2014 be welded?
Not recommended for GTAW/GMAW (hot cracking and severe loss of temper); join by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, resistance spot welding or friction stir welding, and re-heat-treat if fusion welding is unavoidable.
Can 2014 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O or freshly solution-treated T4 (refrigerate to delay natural ageing); one of the best 2xxx alloys for hot forging at 420–460 °C, but T6 material has little cold bend capability.
What surface finishes work on 2014?
Sulfuric or hard anodize for wear and corrosion, chromate/trivalent conversion coat plus primer for aerospace service; expect grey-yellow anodic film from the Cu content, and use Alclad sheet or paint for marine/salt exposure.
2014 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Si | 0.5 – 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Feimpurity limit | ≤ 0.7 | — |
| Cuprincipal strengthening element | 3.9 – 5 | 4.4 |
| Mn | 0.4 – 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Mg | 0.2 – 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Cr | ≤ 0.1 | — |
| Zn | ≤ 0.25 | — |
| TiTi+Zr max 0.20 in some standards | ≤ 0.15 | — |
| Others (each)total 0.15 max | ≤ 0.05 | — |
| Alremainder, nominally ~92.5 % | balance | — |
2014-T651 — frequently asked
What is 2014-T651 used for?
2014-T651 is typically used for aircraft structures, truck wheels and forgings. In short: high-strength forgings; aerospace structure.
What is the yield strength of 2014-T651?
2014-T651 has a typical yield strength of 415 MPa (60.2 ksi) and a tensile strength of 470 MPa (68.2 ksi) — stronger than 88% of aluminum grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 17 listed tempers.
Is 2014-T651 easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (80/100, better than 92% of aluminum grades). Excellent chip-forming alloy in T6/T651 — high speeds with polished-flute carbide, 0.05–0.15 mm/tooth, flood or MQL coolant; stress-relieved tempers (T651/T6511) are essential for thin machined sections.
Can 2014-T651 be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (25/100). Not recommended for GTAW/GMAW (hot cracking and severe loss of temper); join by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, resistance spot welding or friction stir welding, and re-heat-treat if fusion welding is unavoidable.
What surface finishes work on 2014-T651?
Sulfuric or hard anodize for wear and corrosion, chromate/trivalent conversion coat plus primer for aerospace service; expect grey-yellow anodic film from the Cu content, and use Alclad sheet or paint for marine/salt exposure.
Can 2014-T651 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O or freshly solution-treated T4 (refrigerate to delay natural ageing); one of the best 2xxx alloys for hot forging at 420–460 °C, but T6 material has little cold bend capability.
What is the maximum service temperature of 2014-T651?
2014-T651 is rated for continuous use to about 150°C (302 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Can FabDigit make parts in 2014-T651?
Yes — 2014-T651 is available for CNC machining and sheet metal with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- Aluminum Standards and Data / Teal Sheets — Registered Alloy 2014 — The Aluminum Association (2018)
- ASTM B209 / B211 / B221 (sheet & plate, bar & rod, extrusions) — ASTM International (2021)
- EN 573-3 / EN 485-2 — EN AW-2014 (AlCu4SiMg) — CEN (2019)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- MMPDS-2022 typical and design allowables for 2014 — Battelle/FAA (2022)
- 2014-T651 plate and T6511 bar datasheets — Constellium / Kaiser Aluminum (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.