Aluminum 2094
AA 2094 · UNS A92094
2094 is a high-strength Al-Cu-Li plate alloy (A92094) in the 2000-series family, strengthened by copper, lithium and zirconium and supplied in O, T3, T4, T6 and T8/T81/T851/T861/T87 tempers.
Reference datasheet — 2094 is not in the instant-quote catalog. Upload your part and an engineer will quote it in this grade or suggest the closest stocked equivalent.
Values for the T861 condition
2094 tempers and conditions
2094 is supplied in 9 conditions, soft to hard. T861 is the default FabDigit quotes; the values on this page are for it.
Compare all 9 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annealed | Softest condition for forming, straightening or intermediate processing before re-solution treatment. | 135 | 250 | 16 | 65 HB | 28 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and naturally aged | Un-stretched naturally aged stock for forming operations followed by artificial ageing. | 260 | 415 | 17 | 115 HB | 18 % IACS |
Solution heat treated, cold worked and naturally aged | Intermediate strength with better ductility; used as a forming/pre-age condition before final T8 ageing. | 310 | 460 | 14 | 125 HB | 18 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and artificially aged | Aged without stretching — used for forgings/parts that cannot be stretched; lower strength than T8 tempers. | 505 | 565 | 6 | 158 HB | 20 % IACS |
Solution heat treated, ~1 % cold worked and artificially aged | Lightly stretched sheet temper balancing strength with somewhat better ductility than T861. | 555 | 600 | 7 | 165 HB | 20 % IACS |
Solution heat treated, cold worked and artificially aged | Generic stretched-and-aged high-strength condition for sheet and extrusions. | 570 | 610 | 6 | 168 HB | 20 % IACS |
T8, stress relieved by stretching | Standard stress-relieved plate temper for machined aerospace structure with stable dimensions. | 575 | 615 | 6 | 170 HB | 20 % IACS |
T8 with 7 % cold work | Heavily stretched, artificially aged temper used for cryogenic tank plate where strength and weld-repair stability matter. | 585 | 620 | 6 | 172 HB | 20 % IACS |
T861Default Solution heat treated, ~6 % cold worked and artificially aged | Peak-strength Weldalite condition — the usual stocked temper for 2094 sheet, plate and extrusions. | 600 | 635 | 5 | 175 HB | 20 % IACS |
What is 2094?
2094 is a high-strength Al-Cu-Li plate alloy (A92094) in the 2000-series family, strengthened by copper, lithium and zirconium and supplied in O, T3, T4, T6 and T8/T81/T851/T861/T87 tempers. It is chosen for fuselage and wing plate that must combine high strength with damage tolerance; the default condition reaches 600 MPa yield, 635 MPa tensile, 175 HB, 95 W/m·K, 20% IACS and 150 °C maximum service. The trade-offs are 5% elongation, low formability (25/100), corrosion resistance of 38/100 requiring anodising and primer, and HAZ softening after fusion welding. 2065 plate is the lower-strength, more corrosion-resistant option. 2094 has a density of 2.6 g/cm³ (0.0939 lb/in³), lighter than 97% of aluminum grades. It melts at 530°C (986 °F). 2094 has a yield strength of 600 MPa (87 ksi) and a tensile strength of 635 MPa (92.1 ksi) — stronger than 98% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 5% and the elastic modulus is 78 GPa (11.3 Msi).
What is 2094 used for?
- Fuselage plate
- Wing skin plate
- Machined integrally stiffened panels
- Launch vehicle and cryogenic tank sections
- High-strength airframe fittings
- Friction-stir-welded structural assemblies
Advantages
- High strength — 600 MPa (87 ksi), better than 98% of aluminum grades
Limitations
- Low electrical conductivity — 20 % IACS, worse than 99% of aluminum grades
- Poor heat conductor — 95 W/m·K (54.9 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 98% of aluminum grades
- Needs corrosion protection — 38/100, worse than 79% of aluminum grades
2094 properties
Typical room-temperature values for 2094-T861; bars are the position among aluminum grades.
Physical3
2094 has a density of 2.6 g/cm³ (0.0939 lb/in³), lighter than 97% of aluminum grades. It melts at 530°C (986 °F).
Mechanical12
2094 has a yield strength of 600 MPa (87 ksi) and a tensile strength of 635 MPa (92.1 ksi) — stronger than 98% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 5% and the elastic modulus is 78 GPa (11.3 Msi).
Thermal6
2094 is rated for continuous service to 150°C (302 °F). It conducts heat at 95 W/m·K (54.9 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 98% of aluminum grades. Thermal expansion is 21.8 µm/m·K (12.1 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
2094 conducts electricity at 20 % IACS, worse than 99% of aluminum grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is fair (38/100), worse than 79% of aluminum grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 2094 takes about 215 MJ of energy and emits 13 kg of CO₂ — more than 93% of aluminum grades. Typical recycled content is 5%.
Manufacturability7
2094's machinability is good (62/100, better than 55% of aluminum grades); weldability good (55/100); formability poor (25/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Strength versus weight in the aluminum family
Yield strength against density for every aluminum grade FabDigit runs. 2094 is highlighted; hover a dot for its name, or open the interactive family chart.
Working with 2094
Is 2094 easy to machine?
Machines like aged 2000 series but abrasive Li/Zr phases favour sharp carbide or PCD tooling, high speed and flood coolant; keep chips dry and segregated because fine Al-Li swarf is reactive.
Can 2094 be welded?
Developed for weldability — FSW is preferred and GTAW/GMAW with 2319 or matching Al-Cu-Li filler is feasible, but the HAZ loses ageing response and post-weld ageing or local re-heat-treat is normally required.
Can 2094 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O/T3/T4 tempers before final ageing; peak-aged T8x tempers have low ductility, strong texture-driven anisotropy and limited bend capability.
2094 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Siimpurity limit | ≤ 0.12 | |
| Feimpurity limit | ≤ 0.15 | |
| Cu | 4.4 – 5.2 | 4.8 |
| Mn | ≤ 0.25 | |
| Mg | 0.25 – 0.8 | 0.4 |
| Zn | ≤ 0.25 | |
| Ti | ≤ 0.1 | |
| Agpromotes fine T1 precipitation | 0.25 – 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Lidensity reduction, stiffness increase | 0.8 – 1.5 | 1.1 |
| Zrgrain-structure control | 0.04 – 0.18 | 0.11 |
| Others (each) | ≤ 0.05 | |
| Others (total) | ≤ 0.15 | |
| Al | balance |
What surface finishes work on 2094?
Use chromate or boric-sulfuric/chromic anodize plus primer for protection; bare surfaces pit in chlorides, and the Cu/Li content gives dark, uneven decorative anodic films.
Surface treatments FabDigit runs on aluminum parts — pick them in the quote configurator or call them out on the drawing. Each links to its datasheet in the surface-finish library (thickness, specs, call-out, material verdicts).
Organic Coating
Equivalent designations
Standards and trade names that resolve to Aluminum 2094 in FabDigit's catalog. Equivalence is nominal — check the exact specification when certification matters.
- UNS
- A92094
How much does 2094 cost?
2094 is a high-cost aluminum ($$$$), pricier than about 78% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
2094 — frequently asked
What is 2094 used for?
2094 is typically used for fuselage plate, wing skin plate, machined integrally stiffened panels, launch vehicle and cryogenic tank sections, high-strength airframe fittings and friction-stir-welded structural assemblies. In short: highest-strength Al-Li plate; weldable by FSW; low ductility when peak-aged.
What is the yield strength of 2094?
2094 has a typical yield strength of 600 MPa (87 ksi) and a tensile strength of 635 MPa (92.1 ksi) — stronger than 98% of aluminum grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 9 listed tempers.
Is 2094 easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated good (62/100, better than 55% of aluminum grades). Machines like aged 2000 series but abrasive Li/Zr phases favour sharp carbide or PCD tooling, high speed and flood coolant; keep chips dry and segregated because fine Al-Li swarf is reactive.
Can 2094 be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated good (55/100). Developed for weldability — FSW is preferred and GTAW/GMAW with 2319 or matching Al-Cu-Li filler is feasible, but the HAZ loses ageing response and post-weld ageing or local re-heat-treat is normally required.
What surface finishes work on 2094?
Use chromate or boric-sulfuric/chromic anodize plus primer for protection; bare surfaces pit in chlorides, and the Cu/Li content gives dark, uneven decorative anodic films.
Can 2094 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O/T3/T4 tempers before final ageing; peak-aged T8x tempers have low ductility, strong texture-driven anisotropy and limited bend capability.
What is the maximum service temperature of 2094?
2094 is rated for continuous use to about 150°C (302 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between 2094-T861 and 2094-O?
T861 is the default condition — peak-strength Weldalite condition — the usual stocked temper for 2094 sheet, plate and extrusions. O: softest condition for forming, straightening or intermediate processing before re-solution treatment. Yield strength is 600 MPa in T861 versus 135 MPa in O.
How much does 2094 cost?
2094 is a high-cost aluminum ($$$$), pricier than about 78% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
Sources
- International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum (Teal Sheets) — The Aluminum Association (2018)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys (Aluminum-Lithium Alloys) — ASM International (1990)
- Aluminum-Lithium Alloys: Processing, Properties and Applications — Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier (2014)
- Weldalite 049 / 2094-2095 alloy technical data — Reynolds Metals / Lockheed Martin (1994)
- MMPDS-style typical property compilations for Al-Li aerospace alloys — Battelle (2022)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison; hardness values on non-Brinell scales are converted approximately for charting only. Manufacturability limits are FabDigit quote-engine defaults and may be relaxed by engineering review. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.