Aluminum 2014-T451
Temper
AA 2014 · UNS A92014 · EN AlCu4SiMg, AW-2014 · JIS A2014 · GB 2A14, LY12
T451 = t4, stress relieved by stretching
T4 plate/rolled bar stretched to relieve residual stress — best pick when T4 stock must be heavily machined without distortion.
Values for the T451 condition
Other 2014 tempers and conditions
2014 is listed in 17 conditions; see the grade overview at 2014.
Compare all 17 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annealed | Softest, most formable state — pick for deep forming, heavy bending or cold heading before solution treatment. | 97 | 185 | 18 | 45 HB | 50 % IACS |
Slightly strain hardened | Soft, near-annealed 2014 with only incidental strain hardening from mill handling — used for forming/deep drawing before solution treatment and ageing. | 105 | 190 | 17 | 47 HB | 50 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and naturally aged by the user from O or F | Specify when the fabricator heat-treats formed parts themselves; slightly lower guaranteed strength than mill T4. | 240 | 415 | 20 | 100 HB | 34 % IACS |
T4 extrusion, stress relieved by stretching | Extruded profiles/rod in T4 with controlled low residual stress for machined aerospace fittings. | 270 | 415 | 16 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
T4 extrusion, stress relieved by stretching with minor straightening | Same as T4510 but minor straightening permitted — the usual commercial stress-relieved T4 extrusion. | 270 | 415 | 16 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
T451This page T4, stress relieved by stretching | T4 plate/rolled bar stretched to relieve residual stress — best pick when T4 stock must be heavily machined without distortion. | 275 | 425 | 18 | 105 HB | 34 % IACS |
Extruded, solution treated, stress-relieved by stretching, no further… | Extrusions and drawn tube solution treated, stretched for stress relief and naturally aged, with no subsequent straightening permitted. | 285 | 425 | 14 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
Extruded, solution treated, stress-relieved by stretching, minor… | Same as T3510 but limited straightening after stretching is permitted, giving tighter tolerances with low residual stress for machined extrusions. | 285 | 425 | 14 | 103 HB | 34 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and naturally aged | Choose when parts must be formed or riveted after heat treatment; higher toughness and fatigue than T6 at lower yield. | 290 | 425 | 20 | 105 HB | 34 % IACS |
T3, stress relieved by stretching | Plate/rod temper: solution heat treated, cold-stretched about 1–3 % to relieve residual stress, then naturally aged — low distortion during machining with T4-level strength. | 295 | 440 | 18 | 105 HB | 34 % IACS |
Solution heat treated, cold worked and naturally aged | Sheet/rod temper for higher yield than T4 while keeping useful ductility for riveting and light forming. | 305 | 440 | 15 | 110 HB | 34 % IACS |
T6, heat treated by the user | Use when O/F stock is formed then fully heat-treated in-house to T6-level strength. | 400 | 470 | 8 | 132 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6, stress relieved by compression | Standard temper for 2014 hand and die forgings that will be machined all over; short-transverse ductility is the limiting property. | 400 | 470 | 7 | 130 HB | 40 % IACS |
Solution heat treated and artificially aged | Standard maximum-strength temper for machined structural parts, forgings and fittings; accept lower ductility and poor weldability. | 414 | 483 | 13 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6, stress relieved by stretching | Preferred plate temper for heavily machined tooling and structural parts — T6 strength with low residual stress and minimal distortion. | 415 | 470 | 9 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6 extrusion, stress relieved by stretching | Low-residual-stress T6 extrusion for precision-machined aerospace and hydraulic components. | 415 | 470 | 8 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
T6, stress relieved by stretching, minor straightening | The common commercial stress-relieved T6 extruded bar/profile grade for machining shops. | 415 | 470 | 8 | 135 HB | 40 % IACS |
What is 2014-T451?
2014-T451 is 2014 in the T451 temper — t4 plate/rolled bar stretched to relieve residual stress — best pick when T4 stock must be heavily machined without distortion. 2014-T451 has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — stronger than 70% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 18% and the elastic modulus is 72.4 GPa (10.5 Msi). 2014-T451 has a density of 2.8 g/cm³ (0.101 lb/in³), heavier than 81% of aluminum grades. It melts at 507°C (945 °F).
Advantages
- Ductile — tolerates forming and impact — 18%, better than 86% of aluminum grades
- Easy to machine — 74/100, better than 85% of aluminum grades
- Tough — resists crack growth — 32 MPa·√m (29.1 ksi·√in), better than 83% of aluminum grades
Limitations
- Needs corrosion protection — 25/100, worse than 100% of aluminum grades
- Limited service temperature — 120°C (248 °F), worse than 79% of aluminum grades
- Difficult to weld — 25/100, worse than 76% of aluminum grades
2014-T451 properties
Typical room-temperature values for 2014-T451; 20 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are 2014 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among aluminum grades.
Physical3
2014-T451 has a density of 2.8 g/cm³ (0.101 lb/in³), heavier than 81% of aluminum grades. It melts at 507°C (945 °F).
Mechanical13
2014-T451 has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — stronger than 70% of aluminum grades. Elongation at break is 18% and the elastic modulus is 72.4 GPa (10.5 Msi).
Thermal6
2014-T451 is rated for continuous service to 120°C (248 °F). It conducts heat at 134 W/m·K (77.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 60% of aluminum grades. Thermal expansion is 22.5 µm/m·K (12.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
2014-T451 conducts electricity at 34 % IACS, worse than 52% of aluminum grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is poor (25/100), worse than 100% of aluminum grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 2014-T451 takes about 200 MJ of energy and emits 12.5 kg of CO₂ — less than 60% of aluminum grades. Typical recycled content is 20%.
Manufacturability8
2014-T451's machinability is very good (74/100, better than 85% of aluminum grades); weldability poor (25/100); formability good (55/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with 2014-T451
Is 2014 easy to machine?
Excellent chip-forming alloy in T6/T651 — high speeds with polished-flute carbide, 0.05–0.15 mm/tooth, flood or MQL coolant; stress-relieved tempers (T651/T6511) are essential for thin machined sections.
Can 2014 be welded?
Not recommended for GTAW/GMAW (hot cracking and severe loss of temper); join by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, resistance spot welding or friction stir welding, and re-heat-treat if fusion welding is unavoidable.
Can 2014 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O or freshly solution-treated T4 (refrigerate to delay natural ageing); one of the best 2000-series alloys for hot forging at 420–460 °C, but T6 material has little cold bend capability.
What surface finishes work on 2014?
Sulfuric or hard anodize for wear and corrosion, chromate/trivalent conversion coat plus primer for aerospace service; expect grey-yellow anodic film from the Cu content, and use Alclad sheet or paint for marine/salt exposure.
2014 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Si | 0.5 – 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Feimpurity limit | ≤ 0.7 | — |
| Cuprincipal strengthening element | 3.9 – 5 | 4.4 |
| Mn | 0.4 – 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Mg | 0.2 – 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Cr | ≤ 0.1 | — |
| Zn | ≤ 0.25 | — |
| TiTi+Zr max 0.20 in some standards | ≤ 0.15 | — |
| Others (each)total 0.15 max | ≤ 0.05 | — |
| Alremainder, nominally ~92.5 % | balance | — |
2014-T451 — frequently asked
What is 2014-T451 used for?
2014-T451 is typically used for aircraft structures, truck wheels and forgings. In short: high-strength forgings; aerospace structure.
What is the yield strength of 2014-T451?
2014-T451 has a typical yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — stronger than 70% of aluminum grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 17 listed tempers.
Is 2014-T451 easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (74/100, better than 85% of aluminum grades). Excellent chip-forming alloy in T6/T651 — high speeds with polished-flute carbide, 0.05–0.15 mm/tooth, flood or MQL coolant; stress-relieved tempers (T651/T6511) are essential for thin machined sections.
Can 2014-T451 be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (25/100). Not recommended for GTAW/GMAW (hot cracking and severe loss of temper); join by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, resistance spot welding or friction stir welding, and re-heat-treat if fusion welding is unavoidable.
What surface finishes work on 2014-T451?
Sulfuric or hard anodize for wear and corrosion, chromate/trivalent conversion coat plus primer for aerospace service; expect grey-yellow anodic film from the Cu content, and use Alclad sheet or paint for marine/salt exposure.
Can 2014-T451 be formed, bent or molded?
Form in O or freshly solution-treated T4 (refrigerate to delay natural ageing); one of the best 2000-series alloys for hot forging at 420–460 °C, but T6 material has little cold bend capability.
What is the maximum service temperature of 2014-T451?
2014-T451 is rated for continuous use to about 120°C (248 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Can FabDigit make parts in 2014-T451?
Yes — 2014-T451 is available for CNC machining and sheet metal; every part is priced by an engineer rather than instantly. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- Aluminum Standards and Data / Teal Sheets — Registered Alloy 2014 — The Aluminum Association (2018)
- ASTM B209 / B211 / B221 (sheet & plate, bar & rod, extrusions) — ASTM International (2021)
- EN 573-3 / EN 485-2 — EN AW-2014 (AlCu4SiMg) — CEN (2019)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- MMPDS-2022 typical and design allowables for 2014 — Battelle/FAA (2022)
- 2014-T651 plate and T6511 bar datasheets — Constellium / Kaiser Aluminum (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.