Titanium Grade 16 Annealed
Temper · default condition
ASTM Grade 16 · UNS R52402
Standard commercial condition for all product forms; best combination of formability, weldability and corrosion performance.
Values for the Annealed condition
Other Grade 16 tempers and conditions
Grade 16 is listed in 4 conditions; see the grade overview at Grade 16.
Compare all 4 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AnnealedDefaultThis page mill annealed sheet, plate, bar, tube and forgings | Standard commercial condition for all product forms; best combination of formability, weldability and corrosion performance. | 380 | 485 | 28 | 150 HB | — |
Grade 16H | Choose when ASME code design stresses need the 58 ksi minimum UTS; chemistry and processing are identical to Grade 16, only the certified tensile floor differs. | 400 | 500 | 25 | 160 HB | 3.1 % IACS |
As-welded deposit | Reference condition for welded tube and fabricated vessels; weld metal matches base strength but ductility is somewhat lower. | 400 | 500 | 18 | 165 HB | 3.1 % IACS |
Cold worked + stress relieved | Use for fasteners, small-diameter tubing and machined parts needing higher strength and better surface/straightness than annealed stock. | 520 | 620 | 16 | 200 HB | 3 % IACS |
What is Grade 16 Annealed?
Grade 16 Annealed is Grade 16 in the Annealed temper — standard commercial condition for all product forms; best combination of formability, weldability and corrosion performance. Grade 16 Annealed has a yield strength of 380 MPa (55.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 485 MPa (70.3 ksi) — weaker than 73% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 28% and the elastic modulus is 105 GPa (15.2 Msi). Grade 16 Annealed has a density of 4.51 g/cm³ (0.163 lb/in³), heavier than 57% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,660°C (3,020 °F).
Advantages
- Ductile — tolerates forming and impact — 28%, better than 89% of titanium grades
- Easy to machine — 38/100, better than 85% of titanium grades
- Conducts heat well — 17 W/m·K (9.82 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 84% of titanium grades
- Forms and bends easily — 75/100, better than 83% of titanium grades
- High electrical conductivity — 3.1 % IACS, better than 75% of titanium grades
Grade 16 Annealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for Grade 16 Annealed; 12 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are Grade 16 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among titanium grades.
Physical3
Grade 16 Annealed has a density of 4.51 g/cm³ (0.163 lb/in³), heavier than 57% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,660°C (3,020 °F).
Mechanical16
Grade 16 Annealed has a yield strength of 380 MPa (55.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 485 MPa (70.3 ksi) — weaker than 73% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 28% and the elastic modulus is 105 GPa (15.2 Msi).
Thermal6
Grade 16 Annealed is rated for continuous service to 315°C (599 °F). It conducts heat at 17 W/m·K (9.82 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 84% of titanium grades. Thermal expansion is 8.6 µm/m·K (4.78 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Grade 16 Annealed conducts electricity at 3.1 % IACS, better than 75% of titanium grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is excellent (96/100), better than 92% of titanium grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Grade 16 Annealed takes about 620 MJ of energy and emits 38 kg of CO₂ — less than 97% of titanium grades. Typical recycled content is 25%.
Manufacturability7
Grade 16 Annealed's machinability is fair (38/100, better than 85% of titanium grades); weldability excellent (88/100); formability very good (75/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with Grade 16 Annealed
Is Grade 16 easy to machine?
Machine like CP Ti Grade 2: rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or coated tools, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy positive rake, high feed and flood coolant to avoid work hardening, galling and chip fires.
Can Grade 16 be welded?
Excellent GTAW/PAW/EBW weldability with full inert-gas or trailing-shield/backing protection; use matching Gr16 or Gr2/ERTi-2 filler, keep interpass clean and below ~150 °C, and avoid any oxygen/nitrogen pickup (straw-to-blue tint indicates contamination).
Can Grade 16 be formed, bent or molded?
Forms cold like Grade 2 with generous bend radii (2–3 t) and allowance for high springback; warm forming at 200–400 °C eases severe draws, and hot working/forging is done at 800–950 °C.
What surface finishes work on Grade 16?
Pickle in HNO3/HF after hot work or welding to remove alpha case; colour anodizing and passivation are routine, while plating is rarely used — avoid iron smearing from steel tooling to keep corrosion performance.
Grade 16 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Pdpalladium addition for reducing-acid/crevice protection | 0.04 – 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Fe | ≤ 0.3 | 0.15 |
| Oprincipal strengthener | ≤ 0.25 | 0.16 |
| C | ≤ 0.08 | 0.02 |
| N | ≤ 0.03 | 0.01 |
| H0.0125 % max for bar/billet per ASTM B348 | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Residuals (each)total residuals 0.40 max | ≤ 0.1 | — |
| Ti | balance | — |
Grade 16 Annealed — frequently asked
What is Grade 16 Annealed used for?
Grade 16 Annealed is typically used for chemical process vessels and linings, reducing-acid piping and fittings, heat exchanger tube and tubesheets, brine and chloride service valve bodies, pressure vessel heads and nozzles and hydrometallurgy autoclave internals. In short: low-Pd Grade 7 substitute; crevice-resistant CP titanium; highly weldable corrosion grade.
What is the yield strength of Grade 16 Annealed?
Grade 16 Annealed has a typical yield strength of 380 MPa (55.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 485 MPa (70.3 ksi) — weaker than 73% of titanium grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 4 listed tempers.
Is Grade 16 Annealed easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated fair (38/100, better than 85% of titanium grades). Machine like CP Ti Grade 2: rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or coated tools, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy positive rake, high feed and flood coolant to avoid work hardening, galling and chip fires.
Can Grade 16 Annealed be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (88/100). Excellent GTAW/PAW/EBW weldability with full inert-gas or trailing-shield/backing protection; use matching Gr16 or Gr2/ERTi-2 filler, keep interpass clean and below ~150 °C, and avoid any oxygen/nitrogen pickup (straw-to-blue tint indicates contamination).
What surface finishes work on Grade 16 Annealed?
Pickle in HNO3/HF after hot work or welding to remove alpha case; colour anodizing and passivation are routine, while plating is rarely used — avoid iron smearing from steel tooling to keep corrosion performance.
Can Grade 16 Annealed be formed, bent or molded?
Forms cold like Grade 2 with generous bend radii (2–3 t) and allowance for high springback; warm forming at 200–400 °C eases severe draws, and hot working/forging is done at 800–950 °C.
What is the maximum service temperature of Grade 16 Annealed?
Grade 16 Annealed is rated for continuous use to about 315°C (599 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between Grade 16 Annealed and Grade 16 CW-SR?
Annealed is the default condition — standard commercial condition for all product forms; best combination of formability, weldability and corrosion performance. CW-SR: use for fasteners, small-diameter tubing and machined parts needing higher strength and better surface/straightness than annealed stock. Yield strength is 380 MPa in Annealed versus 520 MPa in CW-SR.
Sources
- ASTM B265 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet and Plate — ASTM International (2020)
- ASTM B348 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars and Billets — ASTM International (2021)
- ASTM B338 / B861 / B862 — Titanium Tube and Pipe — ASTM International (2022)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- Corrosion-resistant titanium grades (Ti-Pd/Ti-Ru) data sheets — TIMET / Baoti (2019)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.