Titanium Ti Grade 31 Annealed
Temper · default condition
UNS R53532 · ASTM Grade 31
Default stocked condition for heat-exchanger tube, plate and vessel linings in hot brines.
Values for the Annealed condition
Other Ti Grade 31 tempers and conditions
Ti Grade 31 is listed in 2 conditions; see the grade overview at Ti Grade 31.
- Annealed
- CW-SR
Compare all 2 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AnnealedDefaultThis page mill annealed sheet, plate, bar, tube | Default stocked condition for heat-exchanger tube, plate and vessel linings in hot brines. | 450 | 550 | 22 | 200 HB | — |
Cold Worked + Stress Relieved | Choose for higher strength and tighter tolerance fasteners, shafts and instrument tubing. | 600 | 690 | 13 | 22 HRC | 3 % IACS |
What is Ti Grade 31 Annealed?
Ti Grade 31 Annealed is Ti Grade 31 in the Annealed temper — default stocked condition for heat-exchanger tube, plate and vessel linings in hot brines. Ti Grade 31 Annealed has a yield strength of 450 MPa (65.3 ksi) and a tensile strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) — weaker than 65% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 22% and the elastic modulus is 105 GPa (15.2 Msi). Ti Grade 31 Annealed has a density of 4.51 g/cm³ (0.163 lb/in³), heavier than 57% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,650°C (3,002 °F).
Advantages
- Conducts heat well — 17 W/m·K (9.82 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 84% of titanium grades
- High electrical conductivity — 3.1 % IACS, better than 75% of titanium grades
Ti Grade 31 Annealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for Ti Grade 31 Annealed; 11 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are Ti Grade 31 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among titanium grades.
Physical3
Ti Grade 31 Annealed has a density of 4.51 g/cm³ (0.163 lb/in³), heavier than 57% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,650°C (3,002 °F).
Mechanical16
Ti Grade 31 Annealed has a yield strength of 450 MPa (65.3 ksi) and a tensile strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) — weaker than 65% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 22% and the elastic modulus is 105 GPa (15.2 Msi).
Thermal6
Ti Grade 31 Annealed is rated for continuous service to 300°C (572 °F). It conducts heat at 17 W/m·K (9.82 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 84% of titanium grades. Thermal expansion is 8.6 µm/m·K (4.78 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Ti Grade 31 Annealed conducts electricity at 3.1 % IACS, better than 75% of titanium grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is excellent (95/100), better than 83% of titanium grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Ti Grade 31 Annealed takes about 650 MJ of energy and emits 40 kg of CO₂ — less than 75% of titanium grades. Typical recycled content is 30%.
Manufacturability8
Ti Grade 31 Annealed's machinability is poor (32/100, better than 70% of titanium grades); weldability excellent (88/100); formability good (55/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with Ti Grade 31 Annealed
Is Ti Grade 31 easy to machine?
Machine like CP Ti Grade 3: rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or PVD tools, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy positive rake, generous flood coolant to avoid galling and chip ignition.
Can Ti Grade 31 be welded?
Excellent GTAW/PAW/EBW weldability with matching or Grade 2/7 filler; requires full inert-gas shielding of pool, trailing shield and backing, and a clean, oxide-free joint (straw/blue tint = reject).
Can Ti Grade 31 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold form with generous bend radii (≈3–4t) and allow for high springback; warm forming at 200–400 °C markedly improves formability; never form with iron-contaminated tooling.
What surface finishes work on Ti Grade 31?
Pickle in HNO₃/HF to remove alpha case and embedded iron; can be colour-anodized per AMS 2488, glass-bead blasted, or polished — no protective coating is needed for corrosion.
Ti Grade 31 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Pdpalladium micro-addition for crevice-corrosion resistance | 0.04 – 0.08 | 0.05 |
| Cocobalt co-addition, cathodic modifier | 0.2 – 0.8 | 0.35 |
| Fe | ≤ 0.3 | 0.15 |
| Ohigher-oxygen (higher strength) member of the Gr.30/31 pair | ≤ 0.35 | 0.25 |
| C | ≤ 0.08 | 0.02 |
| N | ≤ 0.05 | 0.02 |
| Hmax (0.0125 for billet/bar in some forms) | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Residuals (each)total 0.40 max | ≤ 0.1 | — |
| Ti | balance | — |
Ti Grade 31 Annealed — frequently asked
What is Ti Grade 31 Annealed used for?
Ti Grade 31 Annealed is typically used for formed chemical process components, corrosion-resistant tubing and welded tube, reactor and vessel internals, seawater and brine piping fittings, heat-exchanger plates and shells and drawn and pressed tank heads. In short: low-interstitial Grade 30; formable crevice-resistant titanium; higher strength than CP grades.
What is the yield strength of Ti Grade 31 Annealed?
Ti Grade 31 Annealed has a typical yield strength of 450 MPa (65.3 ksi) and a tensile strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) — weaker than 65% of titanium grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 2 listed tempers.
Is Ti Grade 31 Annealed easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (32/100, better than 70% of titanium grades). Machine like CP Ti Grade 3: rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or PVD tools, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy positive rake, generous flood coolant to avoid galling and chip ignition.
Can Ti Grade 31 Annealed be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (88/100). Excellent GTAW/PAW/EBW weldability with matching or Grade 2/7 filler; requires full inert-gas shielding of pool, trailing shield and backing, and a clean, oxide-free joint (straw/blue tint = reject).
What surface finishes work on Ti Grade 31 Annealed?
Pickle in HNO₃/HF to remove alpha case and embedded iron; can be colour-anodized per AMS 2488, glass-bead blasted, or polished — no protective coating is needed for corrosion.
Can Ti Grade 31 Annealed be formed, bent or molded?
Cold form with generous bend radii (≈3–4t) and allow for high springback; warm forming at 200–400 °C markedly improves formability; never form with iron-contaminated tooling.
What is the maximum service temperature of Ti Grade 31 Annealed?
Ti Grade 31 Annealed is rated for continuous use to about 300°C (572 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between Ti Grade 31 Annealed and Ti Grade 31 CW-SR?
Annealed is the default condition — default stocked condition for heat-exchanger tube, plate and vessel linings in hot brines. CW-SR: choose for higher strength and tighter tolerance fasteners, shafts and instrument tubing. Yield strength is 450 MPa in Annealed versus 600 MPa in CW-SR.
Sources
- ASTM B265 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate — ASTM International (2020)
- ASTM B348 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars and Billets — ASTM International (2021)
- ASTM B338 / B337 — Seamless and Welded Titanium Tube and Pipe for Condensers and Heat Exchangers — ASTM International (2021)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys (Titanium) — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 13B — Corrosion: Materials (Titanium) — ASM International (2005)
- Pd/Co-enhanced corrosion-resistant CP titanium product data — TIMET / Titanium Metals producer literature (2019)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.