Stainless Steel 416
AISI/SAE 416 · UNS S41600 · EN 1.4005, X12CrS13 · JIS SUS416 · GB 1Cr13S, Y12Cr13
416 (UNS S41600, 1.4005) is a free-machining martensitic stainless steel: 12–14 % Cr 410 with about 0.15–0.35 % sulfur added, giving the best machinability of any stainless (roughly 85 % of AISI 1212) and a quench-and-temper response above 40 HRC.
Values for the Annealed condition
416 tempers and conditions
416 is supplied in 6 conditions, soft to hard. Annealed is the default FabDigit quotes; the values on this page are for it.
Compare all 6 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AnnealedDefault subcritical/full anneal, Condition A | Standard stock condition for free-machining bar; softest, most machinable, to be hardened after roughing if strength is needed. | 275 | 515 | 30 | 155 HB | — |
cold-finished bar (Condition A, CD) | Pick for tight-tolerance turned parts where moderate strength and good surface finish are needed without heat treatment. | 550 | 655 | 17 | 200 HB | — |
Quenched and tempered ~675 °C for maximum toughness | Use when impact toughness and reduced hydrogen/stress-corrosion sensitivity matter more than hardness (valve trim, pump shafts). | 620 | 790 | 20 | 24 HRC | 3 % IACS |
oil/air quench from 950–1000 °C, temper 600–650 °C | General-purpose strengthened condition for shafts, valve stems and fasteners needing ~28–32 HRC with reasonable toughness. | 700 | 900 | 18 | 30 HRC | — |
Quenched and tempered ~500–550 °C | Higher-strength condition for gears, cams and fasteners; tempering in this range gives lower toughness and reduced corrosion resistance. | 930 | 1,100 | 14 | 35 HRC | — |
Hardened, tempered 200–300 °C | Maximum-hardness condition for wear surfaces, screws and firearm parts; low toughness, notch-sensitive and least corrosion resistant. | 1,080 | 1,310 | 10 | 41 HRC | — |
What is 416?
416 (UNS S41600, 1.4005) is a free-machining martensitic stainless steel: 12–14 % Cr 410 with about 0.15–0.35 % sulfur added, giving the best machinability of any stainless (roughly 85 % of AISI 1212) and a quench-and-temper response above 40 HRC. It is stocked mainly as bar for high-volume turned parts such as valve stems, pump shafts, bolts, gears and firearm components. Sulfide inclusions lower corrosion resistance, transverse toughness and formability, so it suits only mild media — fresh water, steam, atmosphere and petroleum products — and it is effectively unweldable; use 410 where welding is required. 416 has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,450°C (2,642 °F). 416 has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 515 MPa (74.7 ksi) — weaker than 77% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 30% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
What is 416 used for?
- CNC machined fasteners
- Pump shafts
- Valve stems
- Gears and pinions
- Firearm components
- Screw-machine studs and couplings
- Motor and instrument shafts
Advantages
- Easy to machine — 80/100, better than 100% of stainless steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of stainless steel grades
- Low embodied carbon — 3.6 kg CO₂/kg, better than 83% of stainless steel grades
Limitations
- Needs corrosion protection — 30/100, worse than 99% of stainless steel grades
- Difficult to weld — 22/100, worse than 94% of stainless steel grades
- Hard to polish — 55/100, worse than 89% of stainless steel grades
- Low strength — 275 MPa (39.9 ksi), worse than 77% of stainless steel grades
416 properties
Typical room-temperature values for 416-Annealed; bars are the position among stainless steel grades.
Physical3
416 has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,450°C (2,642 °F).
Mechanical13
416 has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 515 MPa (74.7 ksi) — weaker than 77% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 30% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
416 is rated for continuous service to 650°C (1,202 °F). It conducts heat at 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of stainless steel grades. Thermal expansion is 9.9 µm/m·K (5.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
416 conducts electricity at 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is poor (30/100), worse than 99% of stainless steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 416 takes about 48 MJ of energy and emits 3.6 kg of CO₂ — less than 85% of stainless steel grades. Typical recycled content is 65%.
Manufacturability7
416's machinability is very good (80/100, better than 100% of stainless steel grades); weldability poor (22/100); formability poor (30/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Strength versus weight in the stainless steel family
Yield strength against density for every stainless steel grade FabDigit runs. 416 is highlighted; hover a dot for its name, or open the interactive family chart.
Working with 416
Is 416 easy to machine?
Best-machining stainless: run 20–30 % faster than 304, sharp positive-rake carbide, good chip control and long tool life; harden after roughing and leave grinding stock.
Can 416 be welded?
Not recommended — sulfur promotes hot cracking; if unavoidable use 309/312 filler, preheat 200–300 °C and post-weld temper 650–700 °C.
Can 416 be formed, bent or molded?
Poor cold formability (sulfide stringers cause splitting); hot work 1150–800 °C then slow cool or anneal, bend radii ≥ 2t only in annealed bar.
Manufacturability
The process limits FabDigit's quote engine applies to 416. Design inside these and the part quotes instantly; outside them it routes to an engineer.
CNC machining
| Machinability | Excellent80 / 100 |
|---|---|
| ISO material group | M.4 |
| Cutting speed (rough / finish) | 140 / 170 m/min |
| Minimum wall | 0.8 mm |
| Minimum internal radius | 1.5 mm |
| Drill depth limit | 4× diameter |
| Best surface (machined / polished) | Ra 1.6 / — |
| Hardenable after machining | No |
416 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| C0.15 max per UNS S41600 | ≤ 0.15 | 0.1 |
| Cr | 12 – 14 | 13 |
| Mn | ≤ 1.25 | 0.8 |
| Si | ≤ 1 | 0.4 |
| Sdeliberate free-machining addition; 0.15 % min | ≥ 0.15 | 0.25 |
| P | ≤ 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Nioptional/residual; some standards allow up to 0.5–1.0 % | ≤ 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Mooptional, at producer's discretion | ≤ 0.6 | |
| Fe | balance |
What surface finishes work on 416?
Passivate per ASTM A967 (nitric or citric) after machining to restore film; plating, black oxide or hard chrome common; sulfide inclusions limit true mirror polish.
Surface treatments FabDigit runs on stainless steel parts — pick them in the quote configurator or call them out on the drawing. Each links to its datasheet in the surface-finish library (thickness, specs, call-out, material verdicts).
Plating
Organic Coating
CVD Coating
Black / Phosphate
Thermal Spray
Equivalent designations
Standards and trade names that resolve to Stainless Steel 416 in FabDigit's catalog. Equivalence is nominal — check the exact specification when certification matters.
- UNS
- S41600
- EN / DIN / Werkstoff-Nr.
- 1.4005X12CrS13
- GB (China)
- 1Cr13SY12Cr13
- JIS
- SUS416
- Also called
- Y1Cr13
How much does 416 cost?
416 is a premium-cost stainless steel ($$$), cheaper than about 60% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
416 — frequently asked
What is 416 used for?
416 is typically used for CNC machined fasteners, pump shafts, valve stems, gears and pinions, firearm components and screw-machine studs and couplings. In short: easy-machining magnetic stainless.
What is the yield strength of 416?
416 has a typical yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 515 MPa (74.7 ksi) — weaker than 77% of stainless steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is 416 easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (80/100, better than 100% of stainless steel grades). Best-machining stainless: run 20–30 % faster than 304, sharp positive-rake carbide, good chip control and long tool life; harden after roughing and leave grinding stock.
Can 416 be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (22/100). Not recommended — sulfur promotes hot cracking; if unavoidable use 309/312 filler, preheat 200–300 °C and post-weld temper 650–700 °C.
What surface finishes work on 416?
Passivate per ASTM A967 (nitric or citric) after machining to restore film; plating, black oxide or hard chrome common; sulfide inclusions limit true mirror polish.
Can 416 be formed, bent or molded?
Poor cold formability (sulfide stringers cause splitting); hot work 1150–800 °C then slow cool or anneal, bend radii ≥ 2t only in annealed bar.
What is the maximum service temperature of 416?
416 is rated for continuous use to about 650°C (1,202 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
How much does 416 cost?
416 is a premium-cost stainless steel ($$$), cheaper than about 60% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
Can FabDigit make parts in 416?
Yes — 416 is available for CNC machining with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM A582/A582M — Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars — ASTM (2021)
- EN 10088-3 (X12CrS13, 1.4005) — CEN (2014)
- GB/T 1220 (Y1Cr13/1Cr13S) — SAC (2007)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels — ASM International (1994)
- 416/1.4005 free-machining martensitic stainless bar datasheets — Sandvik / Outokumpu / Ugitech (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison; hardness values on non-Brinell scales are converted approximately for charting only. Manufacturability limits are FabDigit quote-engine defaults and may be relaxed by engineering review. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.