Steel 1023-HR (Hot rolled)
Supply condition
AISI/SAE 1023 · UNS G10230
Lowest-cost condition for weldments, brackets and parts that will be machined all over or further heat treated.
Values for the HR condition
Other 1023 tempers and conditions
1023 is listed in 6 conditions; see the grade overview at 1023.
Compare all 6 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HRThis page Hot rolled | Lowest-cost condition for weldments, brackets and parts that will be machined all over or further heat treated. | 255 | 425 | 25 | 123 HB | — |
Solution annealed | Choose for maximum cold formability (deep drawing, severe bending) or to soften cold-drawn stock before heavy forming. | 285 | 400 | 34 | 116 HB | — |
Normalized | Use to refine grain and homogenize forgings/weldments, giving uniform strength and better toughness than as-rolled. | 330 | 455 | 33 | 131 HB | — |
Cold Drawn, Stress Relieved | Pick when cold-drawn bar must be machined asymmetrically or heavily without distortion from residual stress. | 370 | 455 | 18 | 131 HB | 10.8 % IACS |
CDDefault Cold drawn | Default stocked bar condition: higher strength, tight tolerance and bright surface for shafts, pins and machined parts. | 395 | 470 | 15 | 137 HB | — |
Carburized & Quenched | Select when a hard wear-resistant case (0.5–1.5 mm) over a tough low-carbon core is needed, e.g. pins, bushings, light gears. | 420 | 620 | 15 | 60 HRC | — |
What is 1023-HR?
1023-HR is 1023 supplied in the HR condition — lowest-cost condition for weldments, brackets and parts that will be machined all over or further heat treated. 1023-HR has a yield strength of 255 MPa (37 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — weaker than 93% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 25% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi). 1023-HR has a density of 7.86 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 90% of steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F). CD is the default condition FabDigit quotes; HR is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- Conducts heat well — 51.9 W/m·K (30 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 96% of steel grades
- Readily welded — 93/100, better than 95% of steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 10.8 % IACS, better than 94% of steel grades
- Forms and bends easily — 80/100, better than 93% of steel grades
- Low embodied carbon — 1.9 kg CO₂/kg, better than 92% of steel grades
Limitations
- Low strength — 255 MPa (37 ksi), worse than 93% of steel grades
1023-HR properties
Typical room-temperature values for 1023-HR; 16 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are 1023 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among steel grades.
Physical3
1023-HR has a density of 7.86 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 90% of steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F).
Mechanical16
1023-HR has a yield strength of 255 MPa (37 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — weaker than 93% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 25% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
1023-HR is rated for continuous service to 400°C (752 °F). It conducts heat at 51.9 W/m·K (30 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 96% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 11.7 µm/m·K (6.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
1023-HR conducts electricity at 10.8 % IACS, better than 94% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (10/100), worse than 86% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 1023-HR takes about 25 MJ of energy and emits 1.9 kg of CO₂ — less than 82% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 30%.
Manufacturability8
1023-HR's machinability is fair (48/100, worse than 57% of steel grades); weldability excellent (93/100); formability very good (80/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with 1023-HR
Is 1023 easy to machine?
Gummy, long stringy chips in the annealed/hot-rolled state — prefer cold drawn, sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and generous coolant; add carburizing or a resulfurized grade (1117/1215) if free machining is critical.
Can 1023 be welded?
Excellent weldability by SMAW/GMAW/GTAW/RSW with E70-class filler; carbon equivalent ≈0.30, so preheat is only needed above ~40 mm or in restrained joints.
Can 1023 be formed, bent or molded?
Very good cold bending, roll forming, upsetting and deep drawing in HR/annealed condition; cold-drawn bar has reduced ductility and should be bent with generous radii.
What surface finishes work on 1023?
No anodizing — protect with zinc/zinc-nickel plating, hot-dip galvanizing, phosphate + oil, black oxide or paint; polishes to a bright finish but will rust unplated.
1023 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| CSAE J403 / ASTM A29 heat analysis | 0.2 – 0.25 | 0.23 |
| Mn | 0.3 – 0.6 | 0.45 |
| P | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| S | ≤ 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Siwhen killed steel is specified; not required for rimmed grades | ≤ 0.3 | 0.15 |
| Fe | balance | — |
1023-HR — frequently asked
What is 1023-HR used for?
1023-HR is typically used for sheet and strip parts, cold-formed brackets, general fabrication and light-duty shafts. In short: weldable without preheat; slightly stronger than 1020; sheet and strip forming grade.
What is the yield strength of 1023-HR?
1023-HR has a typical yield strength of 255 MPa (37 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — weaker than 93% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is 1023-HR easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated fair (48/100, worse than 57% of steel grades). Gummy, long stringy chips in the annealed/hot-rolled state — prefer cold drawn, sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and generous coolant; add carburizing or a resulfurized grade (1117/1215) if free machining is critical.
Can 1023-HR be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (93/100). Excellent weldability by SMAW/GMAW/GTAW/RSW with E70-class filler; carbon equivalent ≈0.30, so preheat is only needed above ~40 mm or in restrained joints.
What surface finishes work on 1023-HR?
No anodizing — protect with zinc/zinc-nickel plating, hot-dip galvanizing, phosphate + oil, black oxide or paint; polishes to a bright finish but will rust unplated.
Can 1023-HR be formed, bent or molded?
Very good cold bending, roll forming, upsetting and deep drawing in HR/annealed condition; cold-drawn bar has reduced ductility and should be bent with generous radii.
What is the maximum service temperature of 1023-HR?
1023-HR is rated for continuous use to about 400°C (752 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between 1023-CD and 1023-HR?
CD is the default condition — default stocked bar condition: higher strength, tight tolerance and bright surface for shafts, pins and machined parts. HR: lowest-cost condition for weldments, brackets and parts that will be machined all over or further heat treated. Yield strength is 395 MPa in CD versus 255 MPa in HR.
Sources
- SAE J403 — Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon Steels — SAE International (2014)
- ASTM A29/A29M — Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought, General Requirements — ASTM (2020)
- ASTM A108 — Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished — ASTM (2018)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol.16 — Machining — ASM International (1989)
- GB/T 699 — (20 equivalent) — SAC (2015)
- Mysteel / 1688 (2026)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.