Steel 1022 · supply condition · default condition
Steel 1022-HR
Properties of the HR condition, compared with the other 1022 tempers.
Cheapest and most stocked form; pick for weldments, machined parts with generous stock allowance, and blanks to be carburized.
What is 1022-HR?
1022-HR is 1022 supplied in the HR condition — cheapest and most stocked form; pick for weldments, machined parts with generous stock allowance, and blanks to be carburized. 1022-HR has a yield strength of 235 MPa (34.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — weaker than 96% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 23% and the elastic modulus is 205 GPa (29.7 Msi). 1022-HR has a density of 7.87 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 91% of steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F).
Advantages
- Conducts heat well — 51.9 W/m·K (30 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 96% of steel grades
- Readily welded — 90/100, better than 90% of steel grades
- Forms and bends easily — 75/100, better than 90% of steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 10.5 % IACS, better than 89% of steel grades
Limitations
- Low strength — 235 MPa (34.1 ksi), worse than 96% of steel grades
- Hard to polish — 45/100, worse than 84% of steel grades
1022-HR properties
Typical room-temperature values for 1022-HR — 13 properties are specific to this condition; the rest are grade-level values shared by every 1022 temper. Each bar shows where the value sits among the steel grades in FabDigit's library — further right is higher.
Physical3
1022-HR has a density of 7.87 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 91% of steel grades. It melts at 1,425°C (2,597 °F).
Mechanical15
1022-HR has a yield strength of 235 MPa (34.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — weaker than 96% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 23% and the elastic modulus is 205 GPa (29.7 Msi).
Thermal6
1022-HR is rated for continuous service to 400°C (752 °F). It conducts heat at 51.9 W/m·K (30 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 96% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 11.7 µm/m·K (6.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
1022-HR conducts electricity at 10.5 % IACS, better than 89% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (10/100), worse than 87% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 1022-HR takes about 25 MJ of energy and emits 2 kg of CO₂ — less than 82% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 30%.
Manufacturability6
1022-HR's machinability is good (58/100, better than 75% of steel grades); weldability excellent (90/100); formability very good (75/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Other 1022 tempers and conditions
1022 is also supplied in 5 other conditions. The full side-by-side table is on the 1022 overview.
- HRDefaultCheapest and most stocked form; pick for weldments, machined parts with generous stock allowance, and blanks to be carburized.235 MPa yield · 121 HB
- CarburizedChoose when a wear-resistant hard case (58–62 HRC) over a tough low-carbon core is needed, e.g. pins, bushings, light gears, self-drilling screws.490 MPa yield · 60 HRC
- CDPick for straight, on-size bright bar going straight to turning/milling or to screw-machine work with better chip control.400 MPa yield · 137 HB
- CRChoose for stamped, formed or cold-headed sheet parts needing a clean surface and tighter thickness tolerance.380 MPa yield · 135 HB
- NormalizedPick for uniform fine-grain structure and better toughness/consistency before machining, carburizing or in welded structures.310 MPa yield · 131 HB
- AnnealedUse when maximum ductility for severe cold forming, deep drawing or stress relief after heavy cold work is required.275 MPa yield · 111 HB
Working with 1022-HR
Is 1022 easy to machine?
Machines like 1018/1020 — gummy in the annealed state, best in cold-drawn or normalized condition with sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and generous coolant; expect ~65–70 % of 1212.
Can 1022 be welded?
Readily welded by all arc, resistance and flash processes with E70XX/ER70S-x filler; carbon equivalent ≈0.40 so preheat only for heavy sections or restrained joints, and never weld after carburizing.
Can 1022 be formed, bent or molded?
Excellent cold heading, bending and drawing in HR/annealed condition; cold-drawn bar has reduced ductility and may need stress relief before severe forming.
What surface finishes work on 1022?
No inherent corrosion protection — zinc/electro-zinc plate, phosphate + oil, black oxide, paint or e-coat; polishes only to a moderate lustre and can be case-hardened before final grinding.
1022 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| CSAE J403 / ASTM A29 grade 1022 | 0.18 – 0.23 | 0.21 |
| Mn | 0.7 – 1 | 0.85 |
| P0.030 max for some SAE bar/wire products | ≤ 0.04 | 0.02 |
| S0.035 max for SAE J403 non-resulfurized wire | ≤ 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Sinot specified for all product forms; typical for killed steel | 0.15 – 0.35 | 0.25 |
| Fe | balance | — |
1022-HR — frequently asked
What is 1022-HR used for?
1022-HR is typically used for fasteners, pinion shafts and light forgings. In short: cold-heading carbon bar.
What is the yield strength of 1022-HR?
1022-HR has a typical yield strength of 235 MPa (34.1 ksi) and a tensile strength of 425 MPa (61.6 ksi) — weaker than 96% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is 1022-HR easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated good (58/100, better than 75% of steel grades). Machines like 1018/1020 — gummy in the annealed state, best in cold-drawn or normalized condition with sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and generous coolant; expect ~65–70 % of 1212.
Can 1022-HR be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (90/100). Readily welded by all arc, resistance and flash processes with E70XX/ER70S-x filler; carbon equivalent ≈0.40 so preheat only for heavy sections or restrained joints, and never weld after carburizing.
What surface finishes work on 1022-HR?
No inherent corrosion protection — zinc/electro-zinc plate, phosphate + oil, black oxide, paint or e-coat; polishes only to a moderate lustre and can be case-hardened before final grinding.
Can 1022-HR be formed, bent or molded?
Excellent cold heading, bending and drawing in HR/annealed condition; cold-drawn bar has reduced ductility and may need stress relief before severe forming.
What is the maximum service temperature of 1022-HR?
1022-HR is rated for continuous use to about 400°C (752 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between 1022-HR and 1022-CD?
HR is the default condition — cheapest and most stocked form; pick for weldments, machined parts with generous stock allowance, and blanks to be carburized. CD: pick for straight, on-size bright bar going straight to turning/milling or to screw-machine work with better chip control. Yield strength is 235 MPa in HR versus 400 MPa in CD.
Can FabDigit make parts in 1022-HR?
Yes — 1022-HR is available for CNC machining and sheet metal with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- SAE J403 — Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon Steels — SAE International (2014)
- ASTM A29/A29M — Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought, General Requirements — ASTM (2020)
- ASTM A108 — Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished — ASTM (2018)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Metals Reference Book (typical mechanical properties of hot-rolled and cold-drawn carbon steels) — ASM International (1993)
- ASM Handbook Vol.16 — Machining — ASM International (1989)
- GB/T 699 — (22Mn/20Mn comparable grades) — SAC (2015)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.