Steel 1.0031-HR (Hot rolled)
Supply condition · default condition
EN 1.0031
Default stock condition for structural and general fabrication work where surface finish and tight tolerance are not needed.
Values for the HR condition
Other 1.0031 tempers and conditions
1.0031 is listed in 5 conditions; see the grade overview at 1.0031.
Compare all 5 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solution annealed | Softest condition — choose for maximum cold formability (deep drawing, heavy bending) or stress relief before machining. | 165 | 280 | 40 | 80 HB | 11.7 % IACS |
HRDefaultThis page Hot rolled | Default stock condition for structural and general fabrication work where surface finish and tight tolerance are not needed. | 190 | 300 | 33 | 90 HB | — |
Normalized | Pick when a uniform fine-grained structure and more consistent ductility/toughness are wanted after hot working or welding. | 195 | 310 | 36 | 92 HB | 11.5 % IACS |
Cold rolled | Thin flat product with smooth surface for pressings, enclosures and painted/galvanized parts. | 230 | 330 | 28 | 105 HB | 11.3 % IACS |
Cold drawn | Use for bright, close-tolerance bar with higher strength and cleaner chip breaking on automatic lathes. | 330 | 400 | 12 | 120 HB | — |
What is 1.0031-HR?
1.0031-HR is 1.0031 supplied in the HR condition — default stock condition for structural and general fabrication work where surface finish and tight tolerance are not needed. 1.0031-HR has a yield strength of 190 MPa (27.6 ksi) and a tensile strength of 300 MPa (43.5 ksi) — weaker than 99% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 33% and the elastic modulus is 210 GPa (30.5 Msi). 1.0031-HR has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,465°C (2,669 °F).
Advantages
- High electrical conductivity — 11.5 % IACS, better than 99% of steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 52 W/m·K (30 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 98% of steel grades
- Readily welded — 95/100, better than 97% of steel grades
- Ductile — tolerates forming and impact — 33%, better than 96% of steel grades
- Forms and bends easily — 85/100, better than 96% of steel grades
Limitations
- Low strength — 190 MPa (27.6 ksi), worse than 99% of steel grades
- Hard to polish — 45/100, worse than 84% of steel grades
1.0031-HR properties
Typical room-temperature values for 1.0031-HR; 11 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are 1.0031 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among steel grades.
Physical3
1.0031-HR has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,465°C (2,669 °F).
Mechanical16
1.0031-HR has a yield strength of 190 MPa (27.6 ksi) and a tensile strength of 300 MPa (43.5 ksi) — weaker than 99% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 33% and the elastic modulus is 210 GPa (30.5 Msi).
Thermal6
1.0031-HR is rated for continuous service to 350°C (662 °F). It conducts heat at 52 W/m·K (30 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 98% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 12 µm/m·K (6.67 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
1.0031-HR conducts electricity at 11.5 % IACS, better than 99% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (10/100), worse than 86% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 1.0031-HR takes about 25 MJ of energy and emits 2 kg of CO₂ — less than 82% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 30%.
Manufacturability6
1.0031-HR's machinability is good (58/100, better than 75% of steel grades); weldability excellent (95/100); formability excellent (85/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with 1.0031-HR
Is 1.0031 easy to machine?
Soft and gummy in the annealed/hot-rolled state — use sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and plenty of coolant to avoid built-up edge; cold-drawn bar machines noticeably better.
Can 1.0031 be welded?
Excellent weldability by all arc, resistance and gas processes with no preheat or PWHT in normal thicknesses; use E7018/ER70S-6 class consumables.
Can 1.0031 be formed, bent or molded?
Very good cold formability — tight bend radii (≈0.5–1×t), deep drawing and roll forming all practical; hot form at 900–1150 °C.
What surface finishes work on 1.0031?
No inherent corrosion resistance: paint, hot-dip galvanize, zinc-plate, phosphate or oil; can be case-hardened by carburizing or nitrocarburizing for wear surfaces.
1.0031 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Cnot normally specified for this grade; typical mild-steel level | ≤ 0.15 | 0.08 |
| Mntypical, not a spec limit | ≤ 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Sitypical | ≤ 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Pspec ceiling for unalloyed base steel | ≤ 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Sspec ceiling for unalloyed base steel | ≤ 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Ntypical ceiling for unalloyed steel | ≤ 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Fe | balance | — |
1.0031-HR — frequently asked
What is 1.0031-HR used for?
1.0031-HR is typically used for machine parts, general fabrication, low-stress structural components and cold-formed parts. In short: cheapest weldable carbon steel; very high cold formability; low strength, needs coating.
What is the yield strength of 1.0031-HR?
1.0031-HR has a typical yield strength of 190 MPa (27.6 ksi) and a tensile strength of 300 MPa (43.5 ksi) — weaker than 99% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 5 listed tempers.
Is 1.0031-HR easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated good (58/100, better than 75% of steel grades). Soft and gummy in the annealed/hot-rolled state — use sharp positive-rake tools, high speed and plenty of coolant to avoid built-up edge; cold-drawn bar machines noticeably better.
Can 1.0031-HR be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated excellent (95/100). Excellent weldability by all arc, resistance and gas processes with no preheat or PWHT in normal thicknesses; use E7018/ER70S-6 class consumables.
What surface finishes work on 1.0031-HR?
No inherent corrosion resistance: paint, hot-dip galvanize, zinc-plate, phosphate or oil; can be case-hardened by carburizing or nitrocarburizing for wear surfaces.
Can 1.0031-HR be formed, bent or molded?
Very good cold formability — tight bend radii (≈0.5–1×t), deep drawing and roll forming all practical; hot form at 900–1150 °C.
What is the maximum service temperature of 1.0031-HR?
1.0031-HR is rated for continuous use to about 350°C (662 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between 1.0031-HR and 1.0031-CD?
HR is the default condition — default stock condition for structural and general fabrication work where surface finish and tight tolerance are not needed. CD: use for bright, close-tolerance bar with higher strength and cleaner chip breaking on automatic lathes. Yield strength is 190 MPa in HR versus 330 MPa in CD.
Sources
- EN 10027-2 — Designation systems for steels: steel numbers — CEN (2015)
- EN 10025-2 — Hot rolled products of structural steels: non-alloy structural steels — CEN (2019)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- Machinery's Handbook, 31st ed. (machinability ratings) — Industrial Press (2020)
- Stahlschlüssel / Key to Steel — Werkstoff-Nr. 1.0031 — Verlag Stahlschlüssel Wegst (2019)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.