Nickel Alloy Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed
Heat-treated state
UNS N08031 · EN 1.4562 · also Nicrofer 3127hMo
Seamless tubing and bright bar delivered in the annealed condition for acid service heat exchangers.
Values for the ColdDrawnAnnealed condition
Other Alloy 31 tempers and conditions
Alloy 31 is listed in 4 conditions; see the grade overview at Alloy 31.
- Annealed
- ColdDrawnAnnealed
- AsWelded
- ColdWorked
Compare all 4 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AnnealedDefault Solution Annealed (approx. 1150–1180 °C, water quenched) | Standard supply condition for plate, sheet, tube and forgings — maximum corrosion resistance and ductility. | 340 | 700 | 50 | 180 HB | — |
ColdDrawnAnnealedThis page Cold Drawn + Solution Annealed (seamless tube, bar) | Seamless tubing and bright bar delivered in the annealed condition for acid service heat exchangers. | 350 | 700 | 48 | 185 HB | 1.7 % IACS |
As-Welded (autogenous / matching over-alloyed filler weld metal) | Joint condition of welded pipe and fabrications; use over-alloyed Ni-Cr-Mo filler to restore pitting resistance. | 380 | 680 | 35 | 200 HB | 1.7 % IACS |
Cold Worked / Strain Hardened (as-drawn, not re-annealed) | Higher-strength bar, wire and small tube where corrosion service is mild and stiffness/strength matter. | 700 | 900 | 22 | 27 HRC | 1.7 % IACS |
What is Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed?
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed is Alloy 31 heat treated to ColdDrawnAnnealed — seamless tubing and bright bar delivered in the annealed condition for acid service heat exchangers. Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed has a yield strength of 350 MPa (50.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 700 MPa (102 ksi) — weaker than 60% of nickel alloy grades. Elongation at break is 48% and the elastic modulus is 195 GPa (28.3 Msi). Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed has a density of 8.02 g/cm³ (0.29 lb/in³), lighter than 84% of nickel alloy grades. It melts at 1,320°C (2,408 °F). Annealed is the default condition FabDigit quotes; ColdDrawnAnnealed is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- Low embodied carbon — 7.5 kg CO₂/kg, better than 96% of nickel alloy grades
- Good corrosion resistance — 92/100, better than 91% of nickel alloy grades
- Ductile — tolerates forming and impact — 48%, better than 83% of nickel alloy grades
- High electrical conductivity — 1.7 % IACS, better than 76% of nickel alloy grades
Limitations
- Limited service temperature — 400°C (752 °F), worse than 94% of nickel alloy grades
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed; 21 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are Alloy 31 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among nickel alloy grades.
Physical3
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed has a density of 8.02 g/cm³ (0.29 lb/in³), lighter than 84% of nickel alloy grades. It melts at 1,320°C (2,408 °F).
Mechanical14
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed has a yield strength of 350 MPa (50.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 700 MPa (102 ksi) — weaker than 60% of nickel alloy grades. Elongation at break is 48% and the elastic modulus is 195 GPa (28.3 Msi).
Thermal6
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed is rated for continuous service to 400°C (752 °F). It conducts heat at 11 W/m·K (6.36 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 60% of nickel alloy grades. Thermal expansion is 14.5 µm/m·K (8.06 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed conducts electricity at 1.7 % IACS, better than 76% of nickel alloy grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is excellent (92/100), better than 91% of nickel alloy grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed takes about 95 MJ of energy and emits 7.5 kg of CO₂ — less than 97% of nickel alloy grades. Typical recycled content is 35%.
Manufacturability7
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed's machinability is poor (24/100, better than 71% of nickel alloy grades); weldability very good (72/100); formability good (62/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed
Is Alloy 31 easy to machine?
Very gummy and strongly work-hardening — use rigid setups, sharp positive-rake carbide, low speed (20–35 m/min) with heavy positive feed and copious flood coolant; avoid dwelling.
Can Alloy 31 be welded?
Weld with GTAW/GMAW/SMAW using over-alloyed Ni-Cr-Mo filler (e.g. ERNiCrMo-3/-4 type), low heat input, interpass <150 °C, no preheat and no PWHT required.
Can Alloy 31 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold forms readily but needs roughly twice the force of 304; hot work 1150–900 °C and always solution anneal + quench after hot forming or heavy cold work.
What surface finishes work on Alloy 31?
Pickle and passivate after welding to remove heat tint (essential for full pitting resistance); polishes to a bright mirror finish, no anodizing applicable.
Alloy 31 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Clow carbon for intergranular corrosion resistance | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Si | ≤ 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Mn | ≤ 2 | 1.5 |
| P | ≤ 0.02 | — |
| S | ≤ 0.01 | — |
| Cr | 26 – 28 | 27 |
| Ni | 30 – 32 | 31 |
| Mo | 6 – 7 | 6.5 |
| Cuimproves sulfuric acid resistance | 1 – 1.4 | 1.2 |
| Nraises PREN and strength | 0.15 – 0.25 | 0.2 |
| Febalance, approx. 31–33 % | balance | — |
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed — frequently asked
What is Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed used for?
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed is typically used for acid production plants, flue gas desulfurization, phosphoric acid evaporators and heat exchangers. In short: super-austenitic acid grade; high chloride pitting resistance; hardest of the family to machine.
What is the yield strength of Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed?
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed has a typical yield strength of 350 MPa (50.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 700 MPa (102 ksi) — weaker than 60% of nickel alloy grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 4 listed tempers.
Is Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (24/100, better than 71% of nickel alloy grades). Very gummy and strongly work-hardening — use rigid setups, sharp positive-rake carbide, low speed (20–35 m/min) with heavy positive feed and copious flood coolant; avoid dwelling.
Can Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated very good (72/100). Weld with GTAW/GMAW/SMAW using over-alloyed Ni-Cr-Mo filler (e.g. ERNiCrMo-3/-4 type), low heat input, interpass <150 °C, no preheat and no PWHT required.
What surface finishes work on Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed?
Pickle and passivate after welding to remove heat tint (essential for full pitting resistance); polishes to a bright mirror finish, no anodizing applicable.
Can Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed be formed, bent or molded?
Cold forms readily but needs roughly twice the force of 304; hot work 1150–900 °C and always solution anneal + quench after hot forming or heavy cold work.
What is the maximum service temperature of Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed?
Alloy 31 ColdDrawnAnnealed is rated for continuous use to about 400°C (752 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Sources
- ASTM B625 — UNS N08031 plate, sheet and strip — ASTM International (2022)
- EN 10088-2 / material 1.4562 (X1NiCrMoCu32-28-7) — CEN (2014)
- Nicrofer 3127 hMo — Alloy 31 material data sheet — VDM Metals (2020)
- Super-austenitic stainless steels — corrosion and physical data — Outokumpu (2021)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 13B — Corrosion: Materials — ASM International (2005)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.