Stainless Steel E410 PWHT
Heat-treated state · default condition
EN E410 · UNS W41010
PWHT = post-weld heat treated
Standard delivery/qualification condition: tempers the martensite for ductility and toughness while meeting AWS A5.4 450 MPa / 20 % requirements.
Values for the PWHT condition
Other E410 tempers and conditions
E410 is listed in 8 conditions; see the grade overview at E410.
Compare all 8 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heavy-coated, flat/horizontal high-deposition type | Use for flat-position build-up and cladding where deposition rate governs; not for out-of-position work. | 390 | 550 | 21 | 19 HRC | 3 % IACS |
Silica-bearing rutile coating, AC or DCEP | Choose for the smoothest bead appearance and best wash-in on fillet and vertical-down welds. | 395 | 555 | 22 | 19 HRC | 3 % IACS |
PWHTDefaultThis page Post-weld heat treated | Standard delivery/qualification condition: tempers the martensite for ductility and toughness while meeting AWS A5.4 450 MPa / 20 % requirements. | 400 | 560 | 23 | 20 HRC | — |
Rutile (titania) coating, AC or DCEP, all-position | The most widely stocked coating type: smooth arc, easy slag removal, AC-capable (Chinese old designation G202). | 405 | 565 | 22 | 20 HRC | 3 % IACS |
Lime/basic coating, DCEP only, all-position | Pick for heavier sections and restrained joints where the lowest hydrogen and best deposit toughness are needed (Chinese old designation G207). | 430 | 590 | 24 | 21 HRC | 3 % IACS |
Quenched and tempered | Use when the whole fabrication is re-heat-treated with the 410/CA-15 base metal to give a uniform, refined tempered-martensite structure. | 470 | 640 | 21 | 22 HRC | 3 % IACS |
As-welded deposit | Pick when the overlay is used for hardness/wear and no post-weld heat treatment is possible; expect low ductility and cracking risk in restrained joints. | 600 | 780 | 10 | 41 HRC | — |
Hardfacing overlay, as-deposited and stress-relieved only | Choose for valve seats, seal faces and steam-erosion build-up where maximum as-deposited hardness matters more than weld-metal ductility. | 640 | 800 | 8 | 43 HRC | 2.8 % IACS |
What is E410 PWHT?
E410 PWHT is E410 heat treated to PWHT — standard delivery/qualification condition: tempers the martensite for ductility and toughness while meeting AWS A5.4 450 MPa / 20 % requirements. E410 PWHT has a yield strength of 400 MPa (58 ksi) and a tensile strength of 560 MPa (81.2 ksi) — stronger than 57% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 23% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi). E410 PWHT has a density of 7.75 g/cm³ (0.28 lb/in³), lighter than 65% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,480°C (2,696 °F).
Advantages
- High electrical conductivity — 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of stainless steel grades
- Easy to machine — 45/100, better than 84% of stainless steel grades
Limitations
- Low fracture toughness — 60 MPa·√m (54.6 ksi·√in), worse than 88% of stainless steel grades
- Needs corrosion protection — 45/100, worse than 85% of stainless steel grades
- Difficult to weld — 40/100, worse than 83% of stainless steel grades
E410 PWHT properties
Typical room-temperature values for E410 PWHT; 13 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are E410 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among stainless steel grades.
Physical3
E410 PWHT has a density of 7.75 g/cm³ (0.28 lb/in³), lighter than 65% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,480°C (2,696 °F).
Mechanical17
E410 PWHT has a yield strength of 400 MPa (58 ksi) and a tensile strength of 560 MPa (81.2 ksi) — stronger than 57% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 23% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
E410 PWHT is rated for continuous service to 650°C (1,202 °F). It conducts heat at 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of stainless steel grades. Thermal expansion is 9.9 µm/m·K (5.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
E410 PWHT conducts electricity at 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is fair (45/100), worse than 85% of stainless steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of E410 PWHT takes about 53 MJ of energy and emits 4.2 kg of CO₂ — less than 67% of stainless steel grades. Typical recycled content is 55%.
Manufacturability6
E410 PWHT's machinability is fair (45/100, better than 84% of stainless steel grades); weldability fair (40/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with E410 PWHT
Is E410 easy to machine?
Machine only after the 730–760 °C temper; as-welded deposit at ~40 HRC needs carbide or CBN tooling, rigid setups and low surface speed.
Can E410 be welded?
Preheat 200–300 °C, hold interpass 200–350 °C, avoid interruption, and temper at 730–760 °C soon after cooling to ~150 °C to prevent hydrogen/delayed cracking; redry electrodes 300–350 °C for basic types.
Can E410 be formed, bent or molded?
Not a wrought product — deposit is not cold formed; control bead sequence and stringer technique to limit residual stress in thick overlays.
What surface finishes work on E410?
Grind/blast then passivate or electropolish for a corrosion-resistant surface; chrome or nickel plating and paint adhere well after grit blasting.
E410 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| CAWS A5.4 undiluted deposit | ≤ 0.12 | 0.08 |
| Cr | 11 – 13.5 | 12.5 |
| Ni | ≤ 0.7 | 0.4 |
| Mn | ≤ 1 | 0.6 |
| Si | ≤ 0.9 | 0.5 |
| Mo | ≤ 0.75 | 0.1 |
| Cu | ≤ 0.75 | 0.1 |
| P | ≤ 0.04 | 0.02 |
| S | ≤ 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Fe | balance | — |
E410 PWHT — frequently asked
What is E410 PWHT used for?
E410 PWHT is typically used for valve seat hardfacing, turbine blade buildup, pump shaft cladding and repair of 410/420 castings. In short: air-hardening martensitic filler; hardfacing and shaft buildup; mandatory preheat and temper.
What is the yield strength of E410 PWHT?
E410 PWHT has a typical yield strength of 400 MPa (58 ksi) and a tensile strength of 560 MPa (81.2 ksi) — stronger than 57% of stainless steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 8 listed tempers.
Is E410 PWHT easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated fair (45/100, better than 84% of stainless steel grades). Machine only after the 730–760 °C temper; as-welded deposit at ~40 HRC needs carbide or CBN tooling, rigid setups and low surface speed.
Can E410 PWHT be welded?
With care — weldability is rated fair (40/100). Preheat 200–300 °C, hold interpass 200–350 °C, avoid interruption, and temper at 730–760 °C soon after cooling to ~150 °C to prevent hydrogen/delayed cracking; redry electrodes 300–350 °C for basic types.
What surface finishes work on E410 PWHT?
Grind/blast then passivate or electropolish for a corrosion-resistant surface; chrome or nickel plating and paint adhere well after grit blasting.
Can E410 PWHT be formed, bent or molded?
Not a wrought product — deposit is not cold formed; control bead sequence and stringer technique to limit residual stress in thick overlays.
What is the maximum service temperature of E410 PWHT?
E410 PWHT is rated for continuous use to about 650°C (1,202 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between E410 PWHT and E410-HF?
PWHT is the default condition — standard delivery/qualification condition: tempers the martensite for ductility and toughness while meeting AWS A5.4 450 MPa / 20 % requirements. HF: choose for valve seats, seal faces and steam-erosion build-up where maximum as-deposited hardness matters more than weld-metal ductility. Yield strength is 400 MPa in PWHT versus 640 MPa in HF.
Sources
- AWS A5.4/A5.4M — Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding — AWS (2012)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol.6 — Welding, Brazing and Soldering (martensitic stainless welding) — ASM International (1993)
- 410 covered electrode datasheets (Lincoln Electric, ESAB, /atlantic) — various (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.