Titanium Grade 23 · heat-treated state
Titanium Grade 23 Beta Annealed
Properties of the Beta Annealed condition, compared with the other Grade 23 tempers.
Select for damage-tolerant thick sections where high fracture toughness and slow crack growth outrank yield strength.
What is Grade 23 Beta Annealed?
Grade 23 Beta Annealed is Grade 23 heat treated to Beta Annealed — select for damage-tolerant thick sections where high fracture toughness and slow crack growth outrank yield strength. Grade 23 Beta Annealed has a yield strength of 820 MPa (119 ksi) and a tensile strength of 900 MPa (131 ksi) — stronger than 62% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 11% and the elastic modulus is 110 GPa (16 Msi). Grade 23 Beta Annealed has a density of 4.43 g/cm³ (0.16 lb/in³), lighter than 89% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,604°C (2,919 °F). O is the default condition FabDigit quotes; Beta Annealed is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- Tough — resists crack growth — 85 MPa·√m (77.4 ksi·√in), better than 91% of titanium grades
- High service temperature — 400°C (752 °F), better than 78% of titanium grades
Limitations
- Low electrical conductivity — 1 % IACS, worse than 89% of titanium grades
- Limited ductility — 11%, worse than 87% of titanium grades
- Limited formability — 20/100, worse than 83% of titanium grades
- Difficult to weld — 65/100, worse than 77% of titanium grades
Grade 23 Beta Annealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for Grade 23 Beta Annealed — 41 properties are specific to this condition; the rest are grade-level values shared by every Grade 23 temper. Each bar shows where the value sits among the titanium grades in FabDigit's library — further right is higher.
Physical3
Grade 23 Beta Annealed has a density of 4.43 g/cm³ (0.16 lb/in³), lighter than 89% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,604°C (2,919 °F).
Mechanical16
Grade 23 Beta Annealed has a yield strength of 820 MPa (119 ksi) and a tensile strength of 900 MPa (131 ksi) — stronger than 62% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 11% and the elastic modulus is 110 GPa (16 Msi).
Thermal6
Grade 23 Beta Annealed is rated for continuous service to 400°C (752 °F). It conducts heat at 7 W/m·K (4.04 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 76% of titanium grades. Thermal expansion is 8.7 µm/m·K (4.83 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Grade 23 Beta Annealed conducts electricity at 1 % IACS, worse than 89% of titanium grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is excellent (88/100), worse than 77% of titanium grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Grade 23 Beta Annealed takes about 650 MJ of energy and emits 42 kg of CO₂ — less than 75% of titanium grades. Typical recycled content is 25%.
Manufacturability8
Grade 23 Beta Annealed's machinability is poor (19/100, worse than 78% of titanium grades); weldability good (65/100); formability poor (20/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Other Grade 23 tempers and conditions
Grade 23 is also supplied in 7 other conditions. The full side-by-side table is on the Grade 23 overview.
- ODefaultDefault stocked condition for bar, plate, sheet and implant blanks; best balance of strength, ductility and toughness.850 MPa yield · 33 HRC
- As PrintedUse only where high as-built strength is wanted and anisotropy, residual stress and low ductility are acceptable.1,050 MPa yield · 38 HRC
- STAPick for maximum strength in thinner sections (fasteners, high-load fittings) accepting reduced toughness and ductility.1,010 MPa yield · 36 HRC
- Stress RelievedChoose when residual stress from machining, forming, welding or AM must be removed with minimal loss of strength.890 MPa yield · 34 HRC
- HIPSpecify for castings and AM parts where internal porosity must be closed to reach wrought-level fatigue life.865 MPa yield · 33 HRC
- Beta AnnealedSelect for damage-tolerant thick sections where high fracture toughness and slow crack growth outrank yield strength.820 MPa yield · 33 HRC
Working with Grade 23 Beta Annealed
Is Grade 23 easy to machine?
Low speed, high feed, rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or PVD tools and flood coolant — heat concentrates at the edge and the alloy work-hardens and galls; avoid dwell and light rubbing passes.
Can Grade 23 be welded?
Excellent by GTAW, plasma, laser or EBW with full argon/vacuum shielding front and back plus trailing shield; keep interstitials low, weld clean bright metal, and stress relieve — no filler contamination or air exposure above ~400 °C.
Can Grade 23 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold formability is limited (large bend radii, high springback); hot form or size at 600–800 °C, or superplastically form near 900 °C in an inert/lubricated die.
What surface finishes work on Grade 23?
Polishes to mirror implant finish; passivate per ASTM F86, anodize or colour-anodize for identification, and consider shot peen, nitriding or PVD hard coats since bare Ti-6Al-4V has poor wear and galling resistance.
Grade 23 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Alα stabiliser | 5.5 – 6.5 | 6 |
| Vβ stabiliser | 3.5 – 4.5 | 4 |
| Fe | ≤ 0.25 | 0.15 |
| OELI limit — key difference vs Grade 5 (0.20 max) | ≤ 0.13 | 0.1 |
| N | ≤ 0.05 | 0.02 |
| C | ≤ 0.08 | 0.02 |
| H0.0125 % for some product forms | ≤ 0.01 | 0.01 |
| YASTM F136 residual yttrium limit | ≤ 0.01 | — |
| Other, each | ≤ 0.1 | — |
| Other, total | ≤ 0.4 | — |
| Ti | balance | — |
Grade 23 Beta Annealed — frequently asked
What is Grade 23 Beta Annealed used for?
Grade 23 Beta Annealed is typically used for orthopaedic implants such as hip and knee stems, spinal hardware, bone screws, plates and trauma fixation, dental implants and abutments, additively manufactured patient-specific implants and fracture-critical aerospace fittings. In short: ELI medical-grade titanium.
What is the yield strength of Grade 23 Beta Annealed?
Grade 23 Beta Annealed has a typical yield strength of 820 MPa (119 ksi) and a tensile strength of 900 MPa (131 ksi) — stronger than 62% of titanium grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 8 listed tempers.
Is Grade 23 Beta Annealed easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (19/100, worse than 78% of titanium grades). Low speed, high feed, rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or PVD tools and flood coolant — heat concentrates at the edge and the alloy work-hardens and galls; avoid dwell and light rubbing passes.
Can Grade 23 Beta Annealed be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated good (65/100). Excellent by GTAW, plasma, laser or EBW with full argon/vacuum shielding front and back plus trailing shield; keep interstitials low, weld clean bright metal, and stress relieve — no filler contamination or air exposure above ~400 °C.
What surface finishes work on Grade 23 Beta Annealed?
Polishes to mirror implant finish; passivate per ASTM F86, anodize or colour-anodize for identification, and consider shot peen, nitriding or PVD hard coats since bare Ti-6Al-4V has poor wear and galling resistance.
Can Grade 23 Beta Annealed be formed, bent or molded?
Cold formability is limited (large bend radii, high springback); hot form or size at 600–800 °C, or superplastically form near 900 °C in an inert/lubricated die.
What is the maximum service temperature of Grade 23 Beta Annealed?
Grade 23 Beta Annealed is rated for continuous use to about 400°C (752 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between Grade 23-O and Grade 23-STA?
O is the default condition — default stocked condition for bar, plate, sheet and implant blanks; best balance of strength, ductility and toughness. STA: pick for maximum strength in thinner sections (fasteners, high-load fittings) accepting reduced toughness and ductility. Yield strength is 850 MPa in O versus 1,010 MPa in STA.
Can FabDigit make parts in Grade 23 Beta Annealed?
Yes — Grade 23 Beta Annealed is available for CNC machining, sheet metal and 3D printing with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM F136 — Wrought Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56401) — ASTM International (2022)
- ASTM B348 / B265 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar, Billet, Strip and Plate (Grade 23) — ASTM International (2021)
- ISO 5832-3 — Implants for surgery, metallic materials, wrought Ti-6Al-4V alloy — ISO (2021)
- AMS 4907 / AMS 4930 — Ti-6Al-4V ELI sheet, plate and bar — SAE International (2020)
- ASTM F3001 — Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V ELI with Powder Bed Fusion — ASTM International (2022)
- Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys — ASM International (1994)
- ASM Handbook Vol.2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- MMPDS typical/design allowables for Ti-6Al-4V — Battelle/FAA (2023)
- Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Grade 23) mill and AM powder datasheets — Baoti / Western Superconducting / AP&C (2024)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.