Titanium Grade 23 As Forged
Heat-treated state
ASTM Grade 23 · UNS R56401, R56407 · EN Ti6Al4V ELI, 3.7165 · GB TC4-1, TC4ELI · ISO 5832-3
Rough stock condition for forging billet and heavy bar that will be machined and heat treated later.
Values for the As Forged condition
Other Grade 23 tempers and conditions
Grade 23 is listed in 8 conditions; see the grade overview at Grade 23.
Compare all 8 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
annealed above the β transus (≈1015–1050 °C) then slow cooled + stabilise | Select for damage-tolerant thick sections where high fracture toughness and slow crack growth outrank yield strength. | 820 | 900 | 11 | 33 HRC | 1 % IACS |
ODefault Annealed | Default stocked condition for bar, plate, sheet and implant blanks; best balance of strength, ductility and toughness. | 850 | 930 | 15 | 33 HRC | — |
Hot isostatic pressed | Specify for castings and AM parts where internal porosity must be closed to reach wrought-level fatigue life. | 865 | 950 | 15 | 33 HRC | — |
As ForgedThis page hot worked, not annealed | Rough stock condition for forging billet and heavy bar that will be machined and heat treated later. | 870 | 950 | 13 | 34 HRC | 1 % IACS |
480–650 °C stress relief after cold work, welding or printing | Choose when residual stress from machining, forming, welding or AM must be removed with minimal loss of strength. | 890 | 970 | 13 | 34 HRC | — |
Cold worked | Standard condition for ELI implant wire and small-diameter bar needing higher strength and straightness. | 960 | 1,050 | 10 | 36 HRC | 1 % IACS |
Solution treated and aged | Pick for maximum strength in thinner sections (fasteners, high-load fittings) accepting reduced toughness and ductility. | 1,010 | 1,100 | 10 | 36 HRC | — |
laser/electron-beam powder bed fusion, as-built (no post-heat treatment) | Use only where high as-built strength is wanted and anisotropy, residual stress and low ductility are acceptable. | 1,050 | 1,150 | 9 | 38 HRC | — |
What is Grade 23 As Forged?
Grade 23 As Forged is Grade 23 heat treated to As Forged — rough stock condition for forging billet and heavy bar that will be machined and heat treated later. Grade 23 As Forged has a yield strength of 870 MPa (126 ksi) and a tensile strength of 950 MPa (138 ksi) — stronger than 76% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 13% and the elastic modulus is 113 GPa (16.4 Msi). Grade 23 As Forged has a density of 4.43 g/cm³ (0.16 lb/in³), lighter than 89% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,604°C (2,919 °F). O is the default condition FabDigit quotes; As Forged is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- Polishes to a fine finish — 80/100, better than 98% of titanium grades
- Tough — resists crack growth — 80 MPa·√m (72.8 ksi·√in), better than 81% of titanium grades
- High strength — 870 MPa (126 ksi), better than 76% of titanium grades
Limitations
- Poor heat conductor — 6.7 W/m·K (3.87 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 92% of titanium grades
- Low electrical conductivity — 1 % IACS, worse than 89% of titanium grades
Grade 23 As Forged properties
Typical room-temperature values for Grade 23 As Forged; 22 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are Grade 23 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among titanium grades.
Physical3
Grade 23 As Forged has a density of 4.43 g/cm³ (0.16 lb/in³), lighter than 89% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,604°C (2,919 °F).
Mechanical16
Grade 23 As Forged has a yield strength of 870 MPa (126 ksi) and a tensile strength of 950 MPa (138 ksi) — stronger than 76% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 13% and the elastic modulus is 113 GPa (16.4 Msi).
Thermal6
Grade 23 As Forged is rated for continuous service to 350°C (662 °F). It conducts heat at 6.7 W/m·K (3.87 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 92% of titanium grades. Thermal expansion is 8.6 µm/m·K (4.78 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Grade 23 As Forged conducts electricity at 1 % IACS, worse than 89% of titanium grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is excellent (92/100), better than 53% of titanium grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Grade 23 As Forged takes about 700 MJ of energy and emits 45 kg of CO₂ — more than 74% of titanium grades. Typical recycled content is 15%.
Manufacturability8
Grade 23 As Forged's machinability is poor (19/100, worse than 78% of titanium grades); weldability very good (78/100); formability poor (30/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with Grade 23 As Forged
Is Grade 23 easy to machine?
Low speed, high feed, rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or PVD tools and flood coolant — heat concentrates at the edge and the alloy work-hardens and galls; avoid dwell and light rubbing passes.
Can Grade 23 be welded?
Excellent by GTAW, plasma, laser or EBW with full argon/vacuum shielding front and back plus trailing shield; keep interstitials low, weld clean bright metal, and stress relieve — no filler contamination or air exposure above ~400 °C.
Can Grade 23 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold formability is limited (large bend radii, high springback); hot form or size at 600–800 °C, or superplastically form near 900 °C in an inert/lubricated die.
What surface finishes work on Grade 23?
Polishes to mirror implant finish; passivate per ASTM F86, anodize or colour-anodize for identification, and consider shot peen, nitriding or PVD hard coats since bare Ti-6Al-4V has poor wear and galling resistance.
Grade 23 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Alα stabiliser | 5.5 – 6.5 | 6 |
| Vβ stabiliser | 3.5 – 4.5 | 4 |
| Fe | ≤ 0.25 | 0.15 |
| OELI limit — key difference vs Grade 5 (0.20 max) | ≤ 0.13 | 0.1 |
| N | ≤ 0.05 | 0.02 |
| C | ≤ 0.08 | 0.02 |
| H0.0125 % for some product forms | ≤ 0.01 | 0.01 |
| YASTM F136 residual yttrium limit | ≤ 0.01 | — |
| Other, each | ≤ 0.1 | — |
| Other, total | ≤ 0.4 | — |
| Ti | balance | — |
Grade 23 As Forged — frequently asked
What is Grade 23 As Forged used for?
Grade 23 As Forged is typically used for orthopaedic implants such as hip and knee stems, spinal hardware, bone screws, plates and trauma fixation, dental implants and abutments, additively manufactured patient-specific implants and fracture-critical aerospace fittings. In short: ELI medical-grade titanium.
What is the yield strength of Grade 23 As Forged?
Grade 23 As Forged has a typical yield strength of 870 MPa (126 ksi) and a tensile strength of 950 MPa (138 ksi) — stronger than 76% of titanium grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 8 listed tempers.
Is Grade 23 As Forged easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (19/100, worse than 78% of titanium grades). Low speed, high feed, rigid setup, sharp uncoated-carbide or PVD tools and flood coolant — heat concentrates at the edge and the alloy work-hardens and galls; avoid dwell and light rubbing passes.
Can Grade 23 As Forged be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated very good (78/100). Excellent by GTAW, plasma, laser or EBW with full argon/vacuum shielding front and back plus trailing shield; keep interstitials low, weld clean bright metal, and stress relieve — no filler contamination or air exposure above ~400 °C.
What surface finishes work on Grade 23 As Forged?
Polishes to mirror implant finish; passivate per ASTM F86, anodize or colour-anodize for identification, and consider shot peen, nitriding or PVD hard coats since bare Ti-6Al-4V has poor wear and galling resistance.
Can Grade 23 As Forged be formed, bent or molded?
Cold formability is limited (large bend radii, high springback); hot form or size at 600–800 °C, or superplastically form near 900 °C in an inert/lubricated die.
What is the maximum service temperature of Grade 23 As Forged?
Grade 23 As Forged is rated for continuous use to about 350°C (662 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between Grade 23-O and Grade 23-STA?
O is the default condition — default stocked condition for bar, plate, sheet and implant blanks; best balance of strength, ductility and toughness. STA: pick for maximum strength in thinner sections (fasteners, high-load fittings) accepting reduced toughness and ductility. Yield strength is 850 MPa in O versus 1,010 MPa in STA.
Can FabDigit make parts in Grade 23 As Forged?
Yes — Grade 23 As Forged is available for CNC machining, sheet metal and 3D printing with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM F136 — Wrought Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56401) — ASTM International (2022)
- ASTM B348 / B265 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar, Billet, Strip and Plate (Grade 23) — ASTM International (2021)
- ISO 5832-3 — Implants for surgery, metallic materials, wrought Ti-6Al-4V alloy — ISO (2021)
- AMS 4907 / AMS 4930 — Ti-6Al-4V ELI sheet, plate and bar — SAE International (2020)
- ASTM F3001 — Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V ELI with Powder Bed Fusion — ASTM International (2022)
- Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys — ASM International (1994)
- ASM Handbook Vol.2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- MMPDS typical/design allowables for Ti-6Al-4V — Battelle/FAA (2023)
- Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Grade 23) mill and AM powder datasheets — Baoti / Western Superconducting / AP&C (2024)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.