Steel 1144 · heat-treated state
Steel 1144 Normalized
Properties of the Normalized condition, compared with the other 1144 tempers.
Use to refine grain and homogenize structure after hot working, before machining or hardening.
What is 1144 Normalized?
1144 Normalized is 1144 heat treated to Normalized — use to refine grain and homogenize structure after hot working, before machining or hardening. 1144 Normalized has a yield strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 670 MPa (97.2 ksi) — weaker than 53% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 21% and the elastic modulus is 205 GPa (29.7 Msi). 1144 Normalized has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,420°C (2,588 °F). HR is the default condition FabDigit quotes; Normalized is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- Easy to machine — 78/100, better than 97% of steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 51 W/m·K (29.5 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 92% of steel grades
- Low embodied carbon — 1.9 kg CO₂/kg, better than 92% of steel grades
Limitations
- Hard to polish — 40/100, worse than 96% of steel grades
- Low fracture toughness — 50 MPa·√m (45.5 ksi·√in), worse than 87% of steel grades
- Difficult to weld — 20/100, worse than 84% of steel grades
1144 Normalized properties
Typical room-temperature values for 1144 Normalized — 8 properties are specific to this condition; the rest are grade-level values shared by every 1144 temper. Each bar shows where the value sits among the steel grades in FabDigit's library — further right is higher.
Physical3
1144 Normalized has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,420°C (2,588 °F).
Mechanical14
1144 Normalized has a yield strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 670 MPa (97.2 ksi) — weaker than 53% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 21% and the elastic modulus is 205 GPa (29.7 Msi).
Thermal6
1144 Normalized is rated for continuous service to 400°C (752 °F). It conducts heat at 51 W/m·K (29.5 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 92% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 11.7 µm/m·K (6.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
1144 Normalized conducts electricity at 9.5 % IACS, better than 74% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (10/100), worse than 87% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 1144 Normalized takes about 25 MJ of energy and emits 1.9 kg of CO₂ — less than 82% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 35%.
Manufacturability6
1144 Normalized's machinability is very good (78/100, better than 97% of steel grades); weldability poor (20/100); formability poor (25/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Other 1144 tempers and conditions
1144 is also supplied in 7 other conditions. The full side-by-side table is on the 1144 overview.
- HRDefaultLowest-cost stock size for parts that will be fully machined or later heat treated.400 MPa yield · 197 HB
- QT-28-32HRCOil quench from ~845 °C and temper ~540 °C when higher core strength and wear resistance are required.830 MPa yield · 30 HRC
- CD-SRPick when a machined shaft must stay straight after heavy stock removal and needs ~690 MPa yield without heat treatment.690 MPa yield · 21 HRC
- CDStandard cold-finished bar: tighter tolerance, bright surface and higher yield than hot rolled.620 MPa yield · 212 HB
- CRCold-reduced flat/shaped stock where a bright, dimensionally accurate as-supplied surface is needed.600 MPa yield · 212 HB
- NormalizedUse to refine grain and homogenize structure after hot working, before machining or hardening.420 MPa yield · 197 HB
- AnnealedSoftest condition; choose for deep machining, cold forming or before hardening.345 MPa yield · 167 HB
Working with 1144 Normalized
Is 1144 easy to machine?
One of the best-machining medium carbon steels (~80 % of 1212): high speeds, chip-breaking MnS inclusions, long tool life; keep feeds up to avoid rubbing.
Can 1144 be welded?
Not recommended — 0.44 C plus 0.3 % S invites hot cracking and porosity; if unavoidable, preheat 200–300 °C, low-hydrogen filler and post-weld stress relief.
Can 1144 be formed, bent or molded?
Poor cold formability, especially transverse; bend only in the annealed condition with generous radii, or hot form at 1050–1200 °C.
What surface finishes work on 1144?
Rusts readily — specify black oxide, phosphate + oil, zinc or hard chrome plating; MnS stringers limit mirror polishing and can leave pits after plating.
1144 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| CSAE J403 / ASTM A29 grade 1144 | 0.4 – 0.48 | 0.44 |
| Mn | 1.35 – 1.65 | 1.5 |
| SMnS inclusions give free-machining behaviour | 0.24 – 0.33 | 0.28 |
| P | ≤ 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Sinot normally specified for resulfurized grades | ≤ 0.1 | 0.05 |
| Fe | balance | — |
1144 Normalized — frequently asked
What is 1144 Normalized used for?
1144 Normalized is typically used for shafts, industrial spindles and cam followers. In short: resulfurized machining bar.
What is the yield strength of 1144 Normalized?
1144 Normalized has a typical yield strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 670 MPa (97.2 ksi) — weaker than 53% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 8 listed tempers.
Is 1144 Normalized easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (78/100, better than 97% of steel grades). One of the best-machining medium carbon steels (~80 % of 1212): high speeds, chip-breaking MnS inclusions, long tool life; keep feeds up to avoid rubbing.
Can 1144 Normalized be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (20/100). Not recommended — 0.44 C plus 0.3 % S invites hot cracking and porosity; if unavoidable, preheat 200–300 °C, low-hydrogen filler and post-weld stress relief.
What surface finishes work on 1144 Normalized?
Rusts readily — specify black oxide, phosphate + oil, zinc or hard chrome plating; MnS stringers limit mirror polishing and can leave pits after plating.
Can 1144 Normalized be formed, bent or molded?
Poor cold formability, especially transverse; bend only in the annealed condition with generous radii, or hot form at 1050–1200 °C.
What is the maximum service temperature of 1144 Normalized?
1144 Normalized is rated for continuous use to about 400°C (752 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between 1144-HR and 1144 CD-SR?
HR is the default condition — lowest-cost stock size for parts that will be fully machined or later heat treated. CD-SR: pick when a machined shaft must stay straight after heavy stock removal and needs ~690 MPa yield without heat treatment. Yield strength is 400 MPa in HR versus 690 MPa in CD-SR.
Can FabDigit make parts in 1144 Normalized?
Yes — 1144 Normalized is available for CNC machining with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM A29/A29M Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought — ASTM International (2020)
- SAE J403 Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon Steels — SAE International (2014)
- SAE J1397 Estimated Mechanical Properties of Steel Bars — SAE International (2009)
- EN 10087 Free-cutting steels (44SMn28, 1.0727) — CEN (2018)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol.16 — Machining — ASM International (1989)
- Stressproof cold drawn stress relieved bar data — Niagara LaSalle / bar producers (2022)
- GB/T 8731 (Y45Mn) — SAC (2008)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.