Steel 1111 CARB
Heat-treated state
AISI/SAE 1111 · UNS G11110
CARB = carburized, quenched and tempered
Choose when the machined part needs a wear-resistant surface on a tough low-carbon core.
Values for the CARB condition
Other 1111 tempers and conditions
1111 is listed in 6 conditions; see the grade overview at 1111.
Compare all 6 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot rolled | Cheapest form for parts that will be fully machined all over or subsequently case-hardened. | 241 | 414 | 30 | 121 HB | — |
Solution annealed | Softest condition, for maximum ductility before cold heading or severe forming. | 250 | 395 | 33 | 111 HB | — |
Normalized | Uniform fine grain and predictable machining response after hot working or forging. | 255 | 425 | 30 | 121 HB | 10 % IACS |
Cold drawn, stress relieved | Pick when long slender turned parts must stay straight after heavy or unbalanced machining. | 360 | 455 | 21 | 131 HB | 10 % IACS |
CDDefault Cold drawn | Standard stocked screw-machine condition: best size tolerance, straightness and chip control. | 393 | 469 | 18 | 137 HB | — |
CARBThis page Carburized, quenched and tempered | Choose when the machined part needs a wear-resistant surface on a tough low-carbon core. | 420 | 620 | 12 | 60 HRC | 9 % IACS |
What is 1111 CARB?
1111 CARB is 1111 heat treated to CARB — choose when the machined part needs a wear-resistant surface on a tough low-carbon core. 1111 CARB has a yield strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 620 MPa (89.9 ksi) — weaker than 53% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 12% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi). 1111 CARB has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,450°C (2,642 °F). CD is the default condition FabDigit quotes; CARB is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- Low embodied carbon — 1.9 kg CO₂/kg, better than 92% of steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 50 W/m·K (28.9 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of steel grades
Limitations
- Difficult to weld — 10/100, worse than 99% of steel grades
- Limited formability — 5/100, worse than 99% of steel grades
- Difficult to machine — 20/100, worse than 97% of steel grades
- Limited service temperature — 200°C (392 °F), worse than 93% of steel grades
- Low fracture toughness — 50 MPa·√m (45.5 ksi·√in), worse than 86% of steel grades
1111 CARB properties
Typical room-temperature values for 1111 CARB; 22 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are 1111 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among steel grades.
Physical3
1111 CARB has a density of 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³), heavier than 56% of steel grades. It melts at 1,450°C (2,642 °F).
Mechanical14
1111 CARB has a yield strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 620 MPa (89.9 ksi) — weaker than 53% of steel grades. Elongation at break is 12% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
1111 CARB is rated for continuous service to 200°C (392 °F). It conducts heat at 50 W/m·K (28.9 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 87% of steel grades. Thermal expansion is 11.7 µm/m·K (6.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
1111 CARB conducts electricity at 9 % IACS, better than 71% of steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is not recommended (8/100), worse than 99% of steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 1111 CARB takes about 25 MJ of energy and emits 1.9 kg of CO₂ — less than 82% of steel grades. Typical recycled content is 30%.
Manufacturability7
1111 CARB's machinability is poor (20/100, worse than 97% of steel grades); weldability not recommended (10/100); formability not recommended (5/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with 1111 CARB
Is 1111 easy to machine?
Excellent free-cutting behaviour — run high speeds with sharp positive tooling; short brittle chips and low built-up edge, but expect a slightly torn finish in soft hot-rolled bar unless sulfurized oil is used.
Can 1111 be welded?
Not recommended for structural welds; high S and P promote hot cracking and porosity — if unavoidable, use low-hydrogen filler, preheat and low heat input, and accept reduced joint ductility.
Can 1111 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold heading and bending are limited by the sulfide stringers; bend transverse to the rolling direction with generous radii, or anneal first — hot forge at 1100–1250 °C.
What surface finishes work on 1111?
No inherent corrosion resistance: zinc/nickel plate, black oxide, phosphate-and-oil or paint. Inclusion pull-out limits mirror polishing and can leave pinholes in thin electroplate.
1111 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| C0.13 % max per SAE J403 | ≤ 0.13 | 0.1 |
| Mn | 0.6 – 0.9 | 0.75 |
| Prephosphorized for chip breakage | 0.07 – 0.12 | 0.1 |
| Sresulfurized — MnS inclusions | 0.08 – 0.13 | 0.11 |
| Feremainder plus residuals | balance | — |
1111 CARB — frequently asked
What is 1111 CARB used for?
1111 CARB is typically used for fasteners, pins and shafts. In short: high-volume screw-machine grade; machinability score 88; not for structural welds.
What is the yield strength of 1111 CARB?
1111 CARB has a typical yield strength of 420 MPa (60.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 620 MPa (89.9 ksi) — weaker than 53% of steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is 1111 CARB easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (20/100, worse than 97% of steel grades). Excellent free-cutting behaviour — run high speeds with sharp positive tooling; short brittle chips and low built-up edge, but expect a slightly torn finish in soft hot-rolled bar unless sulfurized oil is used.
Can 1111 CARB be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated not recommended (10/100). Not recommended for structural welds; high S and P promote hot cracking and porosity — if unavoidable, use low-hydrogen filler, preheat and low heat input, and accept reduced joint ductility.
What surface finishes work on 1111 CARB?
No inherent corrosion resistance: zinc/nickel plate, black oxide, phosphate-and-oil or paint. Inclusion pull-out limits mirror polishing and can leave pinholes in thin electroplate.
Can 1111 CARB be formed, bent or molded?
Cold heading and bending are limited by the sulfide stringers; bend transverse to the rolling direction with generous radii, or anneal first — hot forge at 1100–1250 °C.
What is the maximum service temperature of 1111 CARB?
1111 CARB is rated for continuous use to about 200°C (392 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between 1111-CD and 1111-HR?
CD is the default condition — standard stocked screw-machine condition: best size tolerance, straightness and chip control. HR: cheapest form for parts that will be fully machined all over or subsequently case-hardened. Yield strength is 393 MPa in CD versus 241 MPa in HR.
Sources
- SAE J403 — Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon Steels — SAE International (2014)
- ASTM A29/A29M — Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought, General Requirements — ASTM (2020)
- ASTM A108 — Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished — ASTM (2018)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol.16 — Machining — ASM International (1989)
- SAE J1397 — Estimated Mechanical Properties and Machinability of Steel Bars — SAE International (2009)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.