Titanium Ti Grade 28
UNS R56323
Ti Grade 28 (UNS R56323) is a ruthenium-modified Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy supplied to ASTM B265/B338, developed mainly as a tubing alloy with better crevice-corrosion resistance than standard Grade 9 and lower cost than palladium-bearing Grade 18.
Reference datasheet — Ti Grade 28 is not in the instant-quote catalog. Upload your part and an engineer will quote it in this grade or suggest the closest stocked equivalent.
Values for the Annealed condition
Ti Grade 28 tempers and conditions
Ti Grade 28 is supplied in 3 conditions, soft to hard. Annealed is the default FabDigit quotes; the values on this page are for it.
Compare all 3 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AnnealedDefault mill annealed (ASTM B265/B338/B861 Grade 28) | Default stocked condition for seamless/welded tube, sheet and bar where ductility, weldability and crevice-corrosion resistance matter more than strength. | 550 | 690 | 22 | 24 HRC | — |
beta annealed / transformed-beta microstructure | Select when damage tolerance, creep and hot-brine crack resistance in thick sections outweigh the loss of tensile ductility from the coarse lamellar structure. | 595 | 700 | 12 | 24 HRC | 1.4 % IACS |
Cold worked and stress relieved | Choose for high-strength downhole drill pipe and coiled tubing where the higher yield strength justifies reduced ductility and formability. | 790 | 900 | 13 | 32 HRC | — |
What is Ti Grade 28?
Ti Grade 28 (UNS R56323) is a ruthenium-modified Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy supplied to ASTM B265/B338, developed mainly as a tubing alloy with better crevice-corrosion resistance than standard Grade 9 and lower cost than palladium-bearing Grade 18. Annealed properties are 550 MPa yield, 690 MPa tensile, 22% elongation, 250 HB (24 HRC) and 100 GPa modulus, with service to 315 °C and a corrosion score of 93, mostly in seamless and welded tube, bar and small forgings. Machinability is low (score 25) and cold formability moderate (score 55), and cold-worked stress-relieved material has limited remaining ductility; Grade 9 remains the cheaper choice outside crevice-corrosion service. Ti Grade 28 has a density of 4.48 g/cm³ (0.162 lb/in³), lighter than 71% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,620°C (2,948 °F). Ti Grade 28 has a yield strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 55% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 22% and the elastic modulus is 100 GPa (14.5 Msi).
What is Ti Grade 28 used for?
- Hydraulic and instrumentation tubing
- Chemical process tubing
- Subsea and downhole hydraulic lines
- Aerospace fluid system lines and fittings
- Threaded tube connectors and unions
- Coiled tubing for corrosive service
Advantages
- Tough — resists crack growth — 80 MPa·√m (72.8 ksi·√in), better than 81% of titanium grades
Ti Grade 28 properties
Typical room-temperature values for Ti Grade 28-Annealed; bars are the position among titanium grades.
Physical3
Ti Grade 28 has a density of 4.48 g/cm³ (0.162 lb/in³), lighter than 71% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,620°C (2,948 °F).
Mechanical16
Ti Grade 28 has a yield strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 55% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 22% and the elastic modulus is 100 GPa (14.5 Msi).
Thermal6
Ti Grade 28 is rated for continuous service to 315°C (599 °F). It conducts heat at 7.6 W/m·K (4.39 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 59% of titanium grades. Thermal expansion is 9.4 µm/m·K (5.22 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Ti Grade 28 conducts electricity at 1.4 % IACS, better than 53% of titanium grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is excellent (93/100), better than 72% of titanium grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Ti Grade 28 takes about 680 MJ of energy and emits 46 kg of CO₂ — more than 51% of titanium grades. Typical recycled content is 25%.
Manufacturability8
Ti Grade 28's machinability is poor (25/100, better than 53% of titanium grades); weldability very good (80/100); formability good (55/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Strength versus weight in the titanium family
Yield strength against density for every titanium grade FabDigit runs. Ti Grade 28 is highlighted; hover a dot for its name, or open the interactive family chart.
Working with Ti Grade 28
Is Ti Grade 28 easy to machine?
Machine like Ti-3Al-2.5V: rigid setups, sharp uncoated-carbide or coated carbide, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy feed and flood coolant to avoid work hardening and smearing.
Can Ti Grade 28 be welded?
Readily GTAW/plasma/EB welded with matching Grade 28 or Grade 9 filler under full argon shielding and trailing/back purge; keep interpass low and weld area clean to avoid oxygen/hydrogen pickup.
Can Ti Grade 28 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold pilger/tube-reduce and bend in the annealed condition with generous radii and interstage vacuum annealing; CWSR material has limited cold ductility and is best hot formed at 600–750 °C.
Ti Grade 28 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Al | 2.5 – 3.5 | 3 |
| V | 2 – 3 | 2.5 |
| Ruruthenium addition for crevice-corrosion resistance | 0.08 – 0.14 | 0.1 |
| Fe | ≤ 0.25 | 0.15 |
| Osome product forms specified to 0.15 max | ≤ 0.12 | 0.1 |
| C | ≤ 0.08 | 0.02 |
| N | ≤ 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Hlower limits apply to some tube/bar forms | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Residuals eachtotal residuals 0.40 max | ≤ 0.1 | |
| Ti | balance |
What surface finishes work on Ti Grade 28?
Pickle in HNO3-HF to remove alpha case after hot work; passivates naturally, can be colour-anodised per AMS 2488 or coated for galling control on threaded connections.
Surface treatments FabDigit runs on titanium parts — pick them in the quote configurator or call them out on the drawing. Each links to its datasheet in the surface-finish library (thickness, specs, call-out, material verdicts).
Thermal Spray
Equivalent designations
Standards and trade names that resolve to Titanium Ti Grade 28 in FabDigit's catalog. Equivalence is nominal — check the exact specification when certification matters.
- UNS
- R56323
- Also called
- Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru
How much does Ti Grade 28 cost?
Ti Grade 28 is a high-cost titanium ($$$$), pricier than about 78% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
Ti Grade 28 — frequently asked
What is Ti Grade 28 used for?
Ti Grade 28 is typically used for hydraulic and instrumentation tubing, chemical process tubing, subsea and downhole hydraulic lines, aerospace fluid system lines and fittings, threaded tube connectors and unions and coiled tubing for corrosive service. In short: crevice-resistant Grade 9 tubing; cheaper than Grade 18; mid-strength titanium tube alloy.
What is the yield strength of Ti Grade 28?
Ti Grade 28 has a typical yield strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 55% of titanium grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 3 listed tempers.
Is Ti Grade 28 easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (25/100, better than 53% of titanium grades). Machine like Ti-3Al-2.5V: rigid setups, sharp uncoated-carbide or coated carbide, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy feed and flood coolant to avoid work hardening and smearing.
Can Ti Grade 28 be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated very good (80/100). Readily GTAW/plasma/EB welded with matching Grade 28 or Grade 9 filler under full argon shielding and trailing/back purge; keep interpass low and weld area clean to avoid oxygen/hydrogen pickup.
What surface finishes work on Ti Grade 28?
Pickle in HNO3-HF to remove alpha case after hot work; passivates naturally, can be colour-anodised per AMS 2488 or coated for galling control on threaded connections.
Can Ti Grade 28 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold pilger/tube-reduce and bend in the annealed condition with generous radii and interstage vacuum annealing; CWSR material has limited cold ductility and is best hot formed at 600–750 °C.
What is the maximum service temperature of Ti Grade 28?
Ti Grade 28 is rated for continuous use to about 315°C (599 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between Ti Grade 28 Annealed and Ti Grade 28 CWSR?
Annealed is the default condition — default stocked condition for seamless/welded tube, sheet and bar where ductility, weldability and crevice-corrosion resistance matter more than strength. CWSR: choose for high-strength downhole drill pipe and coiled tubing where the higher yield strength justifies reduced ductility and formability. Yield strength is 550 MPa in Annealed versus 790 MPa in CWSR.
How much does Ti Grade 28 cost?
Ti Grade 28 is a high-cost titanium ($$$$), pricier than about 78% of the materials FabDigit quotes. Part price depends far more on geometry, tolerance and quantity than on the raw stock — upload a CAD file for a live quote.
Sources
- ASTM B338 — Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes for Condensers and Heat Exchangers — ASTM International (2017)
- ASTM B265 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet and Plate — ASTM International (2020)
- ASTM B348 / B861 / B862 — Titanium bar, seamless pipe and welded pipe — ASTM International (2021)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys (Ti-3Al-2.5V data) — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 13B — Corrosion: Materials (titanium and Ru/Pd-enhanced grades) — ASM International (2005)
- Ruthenium-enhanced Ti-3Al-2.5V tubing product data — titanium tube producers (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison; hardness values on non-Brinell scales are converted approximately for charting only. Manufacturability limits are FabDigit quote-engine defaults and may be relaxed by engineering review. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.