Titanium Ti Grade 28 Annealed
Temper · default condition
UNS R56323
Default stocked condition for seamless/welded tube, sheet and bar where ductility, weldability and crevice-corrosion resistance matter more than strength.
Values for the Annealed condition
Other Ti Grade 28 tempers and conditions
Ti Grade 28 is listed in 3 conditions; see the grade overview at Ti Grade 28.
Compare all 3 conditionsHide
| Condition · open for datasheet | Best for | Yield MPa | Tensile MPa | Elong. % | Hardness | Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AnnealedDefaultThis page mill annealed (ASTM B265/B338/B861 Grade 28) | Default stocked condition for seamless/welded tube, sheet and bar where ductility, weldability and crevice-corrosion resistance matter more than strength. | 550 | 690 | 22 | 24 HRC | — |
beta annealed / transformed-beta microstructure | Select when damage tolerance, creep and hot-brine crack resistance in thick sections outweigh the loss of tensile ductility from the coarse lamellar structure. | 595 | 700 | 12 | 24 HRC | 1.4 % IACS |
Cold worked and stress relieved | Choose for high-strength downhole drill pipe and coiled tubing where the higher yield strength justifies reduced ductility and formability. | 790 | 900 | 13 | 32 HRC | — |
What is Ti Grade 28 Annealed?
Ti Grade 28 Annealed is Ti Grade 28 in the Annealed temper — default stocked condition for seamless/welded tube, sheet and bar where ductility, weldability and crevice-corrosion resistance matter more than strength. Ti Grade 28 Annealed has a yield strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 55% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 22% and the elastic modulus is 100 GPa (14.5 Msi). Ti Grade 28 Annealed has a density of 4.48 g/cm³ (0.162 lb/in³), lighter than 71% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,620°C (2,948 °F).
Advantages
- Tough — resists crack growth — 80 MPa·√m (72.8 ksi·√in), better than 81% of titanium grades
Ti Grade 28 Annealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for Ti Grade 28 Annealed; 18 are specific to this condition. Other listed values are Ti Grade 28 reference data and may not represent this condition. Bars are the position among titanium grades.
Physical3
Ti Grade 28 Annealed has a density of 4.48 g/cm³ (0.162 lb/in³), lighter than 71% of titanium grades. It melts at 1,620°C (2,948 °F).
Mechanical16
Ti Grade 28 Annealed has a yield strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 55% of titanium grades. Elongation at break is 22% and the elastic modulus is 100 GPa (14.5 Msi).
Thermal6
Ti Grade 28 Annealed is rated for continuous service to 315°C (599 °F). It conducts heat at 7.6 W/m·K (4.39 BTU/hr·ft·°F), worse than 59% of titanium grades. Thermal expansion is 9.4 µm/m·K (5.22 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
Ti Grade 28 Annealed conducts electricity at 1.4 % IACS, better than 53% of titanium grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is excellent (93/100), better than 72% of titanium grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of Ti Grade 28 Annealed takes about 680 MJ of energy and emits 46 kg of CO₂ — more than 51% of titanium grades. Typical recycled content is 25%.
Manufacturability8
Ti Grade 28 Annealed's machinability is poor (25/100, better than 53% of titanium grades); weldability very good (80/100); formability good (55/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Confirm any required mill or lot documentation when quoting.
Working with Ti Grade 28 Annealed
Is Ti Grade 28 easy to machine?
Machine like Ti-3Al-2.5V: rigid setups, sharp uncoated-carbide or coated carbide, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy feed and flood coolant to avoid work hardening and smearing.
Can Ti Grade 28 be welded?
Readily GTAW/plasma/EB welded with matching Grade 28 or Grade 9 filler under full argon shielding and trailing/back purge; keep interpass low and weld area clean to avoid oxygen/hydrogen pickup.
Can Ti Grade 28 be formed, bent or molded?
Cold pilger/tube-reduce and bend in the annealed condition with generous radii and interstage vacuum annealing; CWSR material has limited cold ductility and is best hot formed at 600–750 °C.
What surface finishes work on Ti Grade 28?
Pickle in HNO3-HF to remove alpha case after hot work; passivates naturally, can be colour-anodised per AMS 2488 or coated for galling control on threaded connections.
Ti Grade 28 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| Al | 2.5 – 3.5 | 3 |
| V | 2 – 3 | 2.5 |
| Ruruthenium addition for crevice-corrosion resistance | 0.08 – 0.14 | 0.1 |
| Fe | ≤ 0.25 | 0.15 |
| Osome product forms specified to 0.15 max | ≤ 0.12 | 0.1 |
| C | ≤ 0.08 | 0.02 |
| N | ≤ 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Hlower limits apply to some tube/bar forms | ≤ 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Residuals eachtotal residuals 0.40 max | ≤ 0.1 | — |
| Ti | balance | — |
Ti Grade 28 Annealed — frequently asked
What is Ti Grade 28 Annealed used for?
Ti Grade 28 Annealed is typically used for hydraulic and instrumentation tubing, chemical process tubing, subsea and downhole hydraulic lines, aerospace fluid system lines and fittings, threaded tube connectors and unions and coiled tubing for corrosive service. In short: crevice-resistant Grade 9 tubing; cheaper than Grade 18; mid-strength titanium tube alloy.
What is the yield strength of Ti Grade 28 Annealed?
Ti Grade 28 Annealed has a typical yield strength of 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) and a tensile strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) — weaker than 55% of titanium grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 3 listed tempers.
Is Ti Grade 28 Annealed easy to machine?
Not especially — machinability is rated poor (25/100, better than 53% of titanium grades). Machine like Ti-3Al-2.5V: rigid setups, sharp uncoated-carbide or coated carbide, low surface speed (25–45 m/min), heavy feed and flood coolant to avoid work hardening and smearing.
Can Ti Grade 28 Annealed be welded?
Yes — weldability is rated very good (80/100). Readily GTAW/plasma/EB welded with matching Grade 28 or Grade 9 filler under full argon shielding and trailing/back purge; keep interpass low and weld area clean to avoid oxygen/hydrogen pickup.
What surface finishes work on Ti Grade 28 Annealed?
Pickle in HNO3-HF to remove alpha case after hot work; passivates naturally, can be colour-anodised per AMS 2488 or coated for galling control on threaded connections.
Can Ti Grade 28 Annealed be formed, bent or molded?
Cold pilger/tube-reduce and bend in the annealed condition with generous radii and interstage vacuum annealing; CWSR material has limited cold ductility and is best hot formed at 600–750 °C.
What is the maximum service temperature of Ti Grade 28 Annealed?
Ti Grade 28 Annealed is rated for continuous use to about 315°C (599 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
What is the difference between Ti Grade 28 Annealed and Ti Grade 28 CWSR?
Annealed is the default condition — default stocked condition for seamless/welded tube, sheet and bar where ductility, weldability and crevice-corrosion resistance matter more than strength. CWSR: choose for high-strength downhole drill pipe and coiled tubing where the higher yield strength justifies reduced ductility and formability. Yield strength is 550 MPa in Annealed versus 790 MPa in CWSR.
Sources
- ASTM B338 — Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes for Condensers and Heat Exchangers — ASTM International (2017)
- ASTM B265 — Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet and Plate — ASTM International (2020)
- ASTM B348 / B861 / B862 — Titanium bar, seamless pipe and welded pipe — ASTM International (2021)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 2 — Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys (Ti-3Al-2.5V data) — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol. 13B — Corrosion: Materials (titanium and Ru/Pd-enhanced grades) — ASM International (2005)
- Ruthenium-enhanced Ti-3Al-2.5V tubing product data — titanium tube producers (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.