Refractory Metal Excel-ANN vs Excel-CW
Refractory Metal · Excel temper comparison
Excel-ANN and Excel-CW are two conditions of the same refractory metal grade, Excel: ANN (annealed) versus CW (cold worked). The chemistry is identical, so every difference below comes from the condition. Excel-CW is the stronger of the two: yield strength 730 MPa (106 ksi) against 470 MPa (68.2 ksi) for Excel-ANN, about 55% more; tensile strength follows at 850 MPa (123 ksi) vs 620 MPa (89.9 ksi). In exchange, Excel-ANN is the more ductile: elongation 22% versus 14% for Excel-CW, and Excel-CW is harder (265 HV vs 205 HV).
Excel-ANNChoose it when the part is bent, formed or impact-loaded.
Excel-CWChoose it when strength drives the design.
Excel-ANN vs Excel-CW: propertiesHow to read these bars
- One bar per material. A full bar is the highest value among all refractory metal grades in the FabDigit library; each bar is drawn as a share of that.
- The better value (by the usual engineering direction) is in bold. Rows with no direction — density, thermal conductivity — have no bold.
- Values are typical room-temperature figures for the condition named on each card.
- Confirm against the certified mill or resin datasheet before design release.
How to read these bars
- One bar per material. A full bar is the highest value among all refractory metal grades in the FabDigit library; each bar is drawn as a share of that.
- The better value (by the usual engineering direction) is in bold. Rows with no direction — density, thermal conductivity — have no bold.
- Values are typical room-temperature figures for the condition named on each card.
- Confirm against the certified mill or resin datasheet before design release.
Mechanical
Strength, stiffness, ductility and hardness at room temperature.
Tensile Strength (Ultimate)
Yield Strength (0.2% offset)
Elongation at Break
Reduction in Area
Fatigue Strength (Endurance Limit)
Fracture Toughness (K_IC)
Hardness, Vickers
Same in both: Elastic (Young's) Modulus 97 GPa14.1 Msi · Shear Modulus 36 GPa5.2 Msi · Bulk Modulus 98 GPa14.2 Msi · Poisson's Ratio 0.35 · Shear Strength 500 MPa72.5 ksi · Hardness, Rockwell C 25 HRC
Physical
Density and transition temperatures.
Same in both: Density 6.57 g/cm³0.24 lb/in³ · Melting Point (Solidus) 1,780°C3,236 °F · Liquidus Temperature 1,840°C3,344 °F
Thermal
How each material carries heat and how hot it can run.
Same in both: Thermal Conductivity 15.5 W/m·K9 BTU/hr·ft·°F · Specific Heat Capacity 285 J/kg·K0.07 BTU/lb·°F · Thermal Expansion (CTE, 20–100 °C) 6 µm/m·K3.3 µin/in·°F · Latent Heat of Fusion 155 J/g66.6 BTU/lb · Max Service Temperature (continuous) 400°C752 °F · Min Service Temperature -196°C-321 °F
Electrical
Conductivity and insulation.
Same in both: Electrical Conductivity 2.2 % IACS · Electrical Resistivity 8×10⁻⁷ Ω·m31.5 µΩ·in
Chemical & Environmental
Corrosion and environmental resistance (0–100 scores).
Corrosion Resistance
Same in both: Galvanic Potential (seawater, vs SCE) -0.15 V
Manufacturability
FabDigit workshop ratings (0–100 scores) — how each material behaves on the machine.
Machinability
Formability (cold)
Same in both: Machinability Rating (AISI 1212 = 100 %) 22% · Weldability 45 / 100 · Castability 20 / 100 · Brazeability / Solderability 25 / 100 · Polishability 60 / 100
Sustainability
Primary-production footprint per kilogram.
Same in both: Embodied Energy (primary production) 1,400 MJ/kg601,892 BTU/lb · Embodied Carbon (primary production) 85 kg CO₂/kg · Embodied Water 600 L/kg71.9 gal/lb · Typical Recycled Content 15%
Strength versus weight
Yield strength against density for every refractory metal grade in the FabDigit library; the compared grades are highlighted. Up and left is stronger for its weight.
Excel-ANN vs Excel-CW — frequently asked
Is Excel-CW stronger than Excel-ANN?
Yes. Excel-CW has a typical yield strength of 730 MPa (106 ksi) against 470 MPa (68.2 ksi) for Excel-ANN — about 55% more. Tensile strength is 850 MPa (123 ksi) vs 620 MPa (89.9 ksi).
Which condition does FabDigit quote by default, ANN or CW?
CW is the default Excel condition in the FabDigit quote flow. The other condition is available on request or by drawing note — specify it in the material field or the part notes and the quote is priced for it.
When should I choose Excel-ANN over Excel-CW?
Pick Excel-ANN when the part is bent, formed or impact-loaded. Pick Excel-CW when strength drives the design.
Ready to make it?
Upload a CAD file and FabDigit prices the part in Excel-ANN and Excel-CW side by side — material, machining time, tolerance and finish in one quote. Certified material data ships with the order on request.
Typical handbook values for the conditions named above, normalised for comparison. Hardness on non-Brinell scales is converted approximately for charting only. Request certified data with your order for design-critical properties.