Refractory Metal Excel-ANN vs Excel-CWA
Refractory Metal · Excel temper comparison
Excel-ANN and Excel-CWA are two conditions of the same refractory metal grade, Excel: ANN (annealed) versus CWA (cold worked and aged). The chemistry is identical, so every difference below comes from the condition. Excel-CWA is the stronger of the two: yield strength 800 MPa (116 ksi) against 470 MPa (68.2 ksi) for Excel-ANN, about 70% more; tensile strength follows at 900 MPa (131 ksi) vs 620 MPa (89.9 ksi). In exchange, Excel-ANN is the more ductile: elongation 22% versus 12% for Excel-CWA, and Excel-CWA is harder (28 HRC vs 25 HRC).
Excel-ANNChoose it when the part is bent, formed or impact-loaded.
Excel-CWAChoose it when strength drives the design.
Excel-ANN vs Excel-CWA: propertiesHow to read these bars
- One bar per material. A full bar is the highest value among all refractory metal grades in the FabDigit library; each bar is drawn as a share of that.
- The better value (by the usual engineering direction) is in bold. Rows with no direction — density, thermal conductivity — have no bold.
- Values are typical room-temperature figures for the condition named on each card.
- Confirm against the certified mill or resin datasheet before design release.
How to read these bars
- One bar per material. A full bar is the highest value among all refractory metal grades in the FabDigit library; each bar is drawn as a share of that.
- The better value (by the usual engineering direction) is in bold. Rows with no direction — density, thermal conductivity — have no bold.
- Values are typical room-temperature figures for the condition named on each card.
- Confirm against the certified mill or resin datasheet before design release.
Mechanical
Strength, stiffness, ductility and hardness at room temperature.
Tensile Strength (Ultimate)
Yield Strength (0.2% offset)
Elongation at Break
Reduction in Area
Fatigue Strength (Endurance Limit)
Fracture Toughness (K_IC)
Hardness, Rockwell C
Hardness, Vickers
Same in both: Elastic (Young's) Modulus 97 GPa14.1 Msi · Shear Modulus 36 GPa5.2 Msi · Bulk Modulus 98 GPa14.2 Msi · Poisson's Ratio 0.35 · Shear Strength 500 MPa72.5 ksi
Physical
Density and transition temperatures.
Same in both: Density 6.57 g/cm³0.24 lb/in³ · Melting Point (Solidus) 1,780°C3,236 °F · Liquidus Temperature 1,840°C3,344 °F
Thermal
How each material carries heat and how hot it can run.
Max Service Temperature (continuous)
Same in both: Thermal Conductivity 15.5 W/m·K9 BTU/hr·ft·°F · Specific Heat Capacity 285 J/kg·K0.07 BTU/lb·°F · Thermal Expansion (CTE, 20–100 °C) 6 µm/m·K3.3 µin/in·°F · Latent Heat of Fusion 155 J/g66.6 BTU/lb · Min Service Temperature -196°C-321 °F
Electrical
Conductivity and insulation.
Same in both: Electrical Conductivity 2.2 % IACS · Electrical Resistivity 8×10⁻⁷ Ω·m31.5 µΩ·in
Chemical & Environmental
Corrosion and environmental resistance (0–100 scores).
Corrosion Resistance
Same in both: Galvanic Potential (seawater, vs SCE) -0.15 V
Manufacturability
FabDigit workshop ratings (0–100 scores) — how each material behaves on the machine.
Machinability
Formability (cold)
Same in both: Machinability Rating (AISI 1212 = 100 %) 22% · Weldability 45 / 100 · Castability 20 / 100 · Brazeability / Solderability 25 / 100 · Polishability 60 / 100
Sustainability
Primary-production footprint per kilogram.
Same in both: Embodied Energy (primary production) 1,400 MJ/kg601,892 BTU/lb · Embodied Carbon (primary production) 85 kg CO₂/kg · Embodied Water 600 L/kg71.9 gal/lb · Typical Recycled Content 15%
Strength versus weight
Yield strength against density for every refractory metal grade in the FabDigit library; the compared grades are highlighted. Up and left is stronger for its weight.
Excel-ANN vs Excel-CWA — frequently asked
Is Excel-CWA stronger than Excel-ANN?
Yes. Excel-CWA has a typical yield strength of 800 MPa (116 ksi) against 470 MPa (68.2 ksi) for Excel-ANN — about 70% more. Tensile strength is 900 MPa (131 ksi) vs 620 MPa (89.9 ksi).
Which condition does FabDigit quote by default, ANN or CWA?
CW is the default Excel condition in the FabDigit quote flow (neither ANN nor CWA). The other condition is available on request or by drawing note — specify it in the material field or the part notes and the quote is priced for it.
Which is easier to machine, Excel-ANN or Excel-CWA?
Excel-ANN, by a small margin. Both rate poor for machinability — 32/100 against 25/100 for Excel-CWA.
Ready to make it?
Upload a CAD file and FabDigit prices the part in Excel-ANN and Excel-CWA side by side — material, machining time, tolerance and finish in one quote. Certified material data ships with the order on request.
Typical handbook values for the conditions named above, normalised for comparison. Hardness on non-Brinell scales is converted approximately for charting only. Request certified data with your order for design-critical properties.